Industry plastic production

Developments in post-World War II thermoplastics established bottles as one of the key routes whereby material and economic information about plastics performance became embodied in molecules. The object and the material informed each other. The emergence of the PET bottle represented new material information about molecules and the multiplication of relationships of association between them. PET appeared to enact the bottleability of plastic better than any other plastic. This invention was patterned by historical routes already in place in industrial plastics production and research at the same time as it actualized new properties for the molecules of polyethylene terephthalate and created a new bottle. In this way, the distinct molecular properties of PET need to be considered as historical more than as stable physical entities (Barry 2005 56). Barry explains this key distinction using A.N. Whitehead Whitehead argued that a molecule should be considered an historical rather than a physical entity. In his view a molecule should not be understood as a table or a rock, but rather as an event a molecule is a historic route of actual occasions and such a route is an event (Barry 2005 56). 

Industrial Plastics production, dyeing, printing and photography,... 

Comparative Energy Evaluation of Plastic Products and Their Alternatives for The Building and Construction and Transportation Industries, Franklin Associates, Prairie Village, Kans., Mar. 1991. 

U.S. consumption of carbon black in 1988 by various market sectors is shown in Table 6. About 90% of total consumption is in the mbber industry and 69% for tires. About 10% is consumed for other automotive products and 11% for mbber products unrelated to the automotive industry. The automotive industry accounts for 79% of consumption. Pigment appHcations account for about 10% of consumption, most of this for plastics and printing inks. Western Europe consumes 74% in tires and other automotive products and almost 20% in other industrial mbber products. Pigment appHcations in Western Europe and Japan are 5—6% of consumption. 

Non-ionic surfactants used in detergents, paints, herbicides, pesticides and plastics. Breakdown products, such as nonylphenol and octylphenol, are found in sewage and industrial efffuents Products of combustion of many materials Widely used as plasticisers for PVC. Common environmental pollutants... 

Conquest Equipment Corporation Industrial filtration products and services to clients in the wood, paper, plastics, metal, aerospace, and mining industries. http // vww.conauesteauipment.com... 

The mature plastics industry is a worldwide, multibillion-dollar industry in which a steady flow of new or improved plastic materials, new or improved production processes, and new or improved market demands has caused rapid and tremendous growth in the use of plastics. For over a century the World of Plastics product production, with over a billion products, continues to expand enormously with the passing of time. Manufacturers are introducing new products in record time. The ability to shrink time-to-market schedules continues to evolve through the more knowledgeable application and behavior or familiarity of the different plastic ma-... 

Complex corrosive environments results in at least 30% of total yearly plastics production being required in buildings, chemical plants, transportation, packaging, and communications. Plastics find many ways to save some of the billion dollars lost each year by industry due to the many forms of corrosion. 

Competition, at each stage in the plastics industry, is in their raw materials. Many monomers can be made from alternate raw materials such as polyvinyl chloride that may begin with either ethylene or acetylene. Most plastic products may be made from a variety of plastics such as pipe that may be extruded from PVC, polyethylene, ABS, and so on. 

Compared to other material-based industries, plastics have enjoyed an impressive growth rate over a century since their inception, but particularly since about 1940. Hie product-design community was quick to recognize the design freedom and great versatility that plastics materials and pro-... 

Plastic product industry is ranked as the 4,h largest USA manufacturing industry and growing 3 to 4 times that of the total national products (Fig. 1-5). Motor vehicles are... 

Worldwide total sales for the category of plastic products and plastic materials is now well over 275 billion/year. Machinery sales (primary, auxiliary, secondary, etc.) in the plastic industry are estimated to be above 7.5 billion/year (1995). 

In USA the yearly man-hours employment producing all plastic products by all processes is estimated at 650 million, second to motor vehicles at 845 million. Following plastic products (in millions) are aircraft at 570, commercial printing at 560, newspapers at 475, meat at 460, metal structural products at 350, and computers at 325. The USA plastics Industry is growing and creating jobs faster than the other manufacturing sectors. 

The past events in designing plastic products have been nothing short of major worldly achievements. Designers innovations and visionary provides the required high level of sophistication that is applied to problems that exist with solutions that follow. Ahead is a continuation of meeting new challenges with these innovations and idealism that continues to make plastics a dynamic and visionary industry. The statement that we are in the World of Plastics is definitely true. In fact one can say that plastic products has made life easier for all worldwide. 

Product design with plastics, A practical manual , Joseph B. Dyn Industrial Press Inc. (1983) ISBN 0831111410. A classic, applied, practical plastic design book. Topics covered include (1) introduction to the application of plastics, (2) description and derivation of short term and long term properties, (3) polymer formation, variation, and characteristics, (4) product design features, (5) designing the plastic product, (6) joining... 

Energy consumption The plastics industry consumes about 3% of U.S. total annual oil and gas consumption. This use is more than offset by the savings that plastic products create. Many different studies have substantiated this fact. Worldwide there are areas where the consumption may be lower and possibly greater reaching up to 4%. 

Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2000, pp.l30. 30 cms., 1/6/01. Rapra Industry Analysis Series PLASTICS PRODUCT RECYCLING Hulse S... 

The plastic recycling activities of BASF are reported and discussed. Recycling of plastics products is investigated widiin die company s pilot plants in cooperation with customers, and in projects which are supported by industry partners. BASF... 

Since most polymers, including elastomers, are immiscible with each other, their blends undergo phase separation with poor adhesion between the matrix and dispersed phase. The properties of such blends are often poorer than the individual components. At the same time, it is often desired to combine the process and performance characteristics of two or more polymers, to develop industrially useful products. This is accomplished by compatibilizing the blend, either by adding a third component, called compatibilizer, or by chemically or mechanically enhancing the interaction of the two-component polymers. The ultimate objective is to develop a morphology that will allow smooth stress transfer from one phase to the other and allow the product to resist failure under multiple stresses. In case of elastomer blends, compatibilization is especially useful to aid uniform distribution of fillers, curatives, and plasticizers to obtain a morphologically and mechanically sound product. Compatibilization of elastomeric blends is accomplished in two ways, mechanically and chemically. 

Figure 1.1 describes the interrelationships between the players in plastic materials manufacturing, which is considerably more complex than for the coating industry. The product performance specifications are defined by the end-users. Specialty additives demand is nowadays migrating to compounders, converters and distributors. 

Applications Major application areas of LC-MS technology are pharmaceuticals (up to (LC-PDA-ESP)4-MS configurations), environmental protection (metal spe-ciation), food industry, biotechnology, petrochemicals and consumer products. Many of the additives used in plastics production are insufficiently volatile to be analysed by GC-MS, and are more readily analysed by LC-MS. Similarly, some oligomers are not readily... 

Large quantities are used as a raw material in the chemical process industry, especially for urea across C02 reaction with NH3 and later dehydration of the formed carbamate. Urea is the product most used as agricultural fertiliser. It is used in feed for ruminants, as carbon cellulose explosives stabiliser in the manufacture of resins and also for thermosetting plastic products, among others. 

Miscellaneous compounds. Other materials used include FC-171, fluorocarbon surfactant, 3M Industrial Chemical Products Division, St. Paul MN 55144-1000 Byk 306, Bykchemie USA, Wallingford, CT 06492 Polyol (poly-caprolactonetriol a polyester polyol), and Silwet L-7602 (polyalkylene oxide modified polydimethylsiloxane), both from Union Carbide Chemicals and Plastics Co., Inc., Danbury, CT 06817-0001. 

The Climate Change Levy, which takes effect in the UK on 1 st April, 2001, is considered. The Levy was conceived as a measure to encourage industry to cut carbon dioxide emissions. Industry claims that the measure is ill-thought out, unfair and could even be counterproductive. The opposing views are discussed. Data are presented on the effect of the Levy on the costs of the worst-hit sectors, including plastic products, recycling (non-metal), rubber products, automotive, fabricated metal products and aeronautics. 

Vinyl chloride has been known for over a hundred years and its polymerization to polyvinyl chloride (PVC) was achieved in 1912. Industrial-scale production of this plastic began in 1927. PVC is still the most versatile plastic. One of the reasons for this is the numerous variations made possible by the method of manufacture of the polymer, namely by copolymerization with other monomers and their processing. Thus, PVC can be thermoformed on all conventional processing machines if the slight thermal damage is taken into consideration. Machining is easy and the material can be bonded, bent, welded, printed and thermoformed. 

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