Mineralogical matrix

Table 1.5. A mineralogical matrix (mole fractions) for the enstatite-forsterite-quartz assemblage.

The mineralogical matrix BT is obtained by the set of equations relating the unit mineral compositions s to oxide unit fractions e... 

Table 4.6. Mineralogical matrix (molar fractions) of a metamorphic carbonate.

Let us denote x = [xCa0, xMgQ, xSiQ2]T the vector of rock concentrations, and y = [yca, yd0, ydi]T the vector of molar proportions in each mineral. The mineralogical matrix of this rock is given in Table 4.6. CaO mass balance between minerals and rocks reads... 

By Morel s method, mass balance breaks down in two steps. First, in much the same way as we constructed a mineralogical matrix for a multi-mineral rock, we can build a component matrix for the solution we are dealing with, including all the possible species. Second, the solution recipe is written down. We may think of producing a solution by dissolving a given quantity (the recipe ) of NaCl and K2S04,... 

Room-temperature fluorescence (RTF) has been used to determine the emission characteristics of a wide variety of materials relative to the wavelengths of selected Fraunhofer lines in support of the Fraunhofer luminescence detector remote-sensing instrument. RTF techniques are now used in the compilation of excitation-emission-matrix (EEM) fluorescence "signatures" of materials. The spectral data are collected with a Perkin-Elraer MPF-44B Fluorescence Spectrometer interfaced to an Apple 11+ personal computer. EEM fluorescence data can be displayed as 3-D perspective plots, contour plots, or "color-contour" images. The integrated intensity for selected Fraunhofer lines can also be directly extracted from the EEM data rather than being collected with a separate procedure. Fluorescence, chemical, and mineralogical data will be statistically analyzed to determine the probable physical and/or chemical causes of the fluorescence. 

All of the Type A and B inclusions studied are surrounded by a layered rim sequence of complex mineralogy [21] which clearly defines the inclusion-matrix boundary. Secondary alteration phases (grossular and nepheline, especially) are also a common feature of these inclusions, suggesting that vapor phase reactions with a relatively cool nebula occurred after formation of inclusions. Anorthite, in particular, is usually one of the most heavily altered phases the relationship between Mg isotopic composition and alteration is discussed below. (See [12] for striking cathodoluminesce photographs of typical Allende alteration mineralogy.) Inclusion Al 3510 does not fit the normal pattern as it has no Wark-rim and does not contain the usual array of secondary minerals. 

From the concentration of each element in the liquid and in the source, we can retrieve the degree of melting and the residual mineralogy. We assume that the liquid contains 676 ppm Ni, 426 ppm Cr, 0.763 ppm Yb and 0.1 ppm Rb, whereas its source composition y vector is (2500, 1500, 0.2, 0.01) in ppm. We will test the assumption that the residuum is composed of olivine and clinopyroxene with the partition coefficients given above. Phase abundances Jt will be ordered as liquid, olivine and clinopyroxene. Let us compute, as an example, the element in the third row and second column of the matrix A... 

Microscope observations and chemical analyses help locate the Fe oxides in the fabric of matrix soil particles. Single Fe oxide-containing aggregates which appear uniform to the naked eye, may vary appreciably in Fe content and mineralogy (Ford-ham Norrish, 1979). SEM and TEM photos show goethite and hematite crystals in strongly developed soils to be associated in a more or less systematic fashion with flakes of kaolinite, usually the main matrix mineral in such soils (Fig. 16.19 a-c)... 

On a relative basis, i.e. residues per 1000, there is virtually no one species like the other. In contrast, different shell samples from the same species and obtained from the same natural habitat yield identical amino acid patterns. It is of interest that (1) the structure of carbonates (aragonite-calcite-vaterite), (2) the content in trace elements, and (3) the stable isotope distribution are markedly effected by fluctuations in salinity, water temperature, Eh/pH conditions, and some anthropogenic factors. The same environmental parameters determine to a certain degree the chemical composition of the shell organic matrix. This feature suggests a cause-effect relationship between mineralogy and organic chemistry of a shell. In the final analysis, however, it is simply a reflection of the environmentally-controlled dynamics of the cell. 

Blocks of pure pyrite embedded in rock from a hydrothermal area were hand-picked under an optical microscope. The pyrite grains were crushed, sieved and preserved in the same way as the coal. We choose mineral pyrite rather than coal pyrite because it is easier to obtain. The behaviour differences between different pyrites are due to particle size effects or matrix effects, but not to pyrite itself, which is a well defined chemical and mineralogical species, ... 

The crystallites in alumina ceramics are mainly oc-A1203, mineralogically known as corundum (a synonym for sapphire). Corundum is 9 on the Mohs scale of hardness, i.e. it is next hardest to diamond, at 10. Examples of the micro structures of a high-purity alumina and a debased alumina are shown in Figs 5.20(a) and 5.20(b) respectively. The latter consists of a-Al203 crystallites embedded in a glass-crystalline matrix usually composed of calcium and magnesium silicates. 

A multidisciplinary approach, including chemical, physical and mineralogical characterisation of contaminants and soils, has been shown to be fundamental to understand comprehensively the history of industrial soil contamination, to assess the potential and the actual risk associated with elevated levels of PTMs in soil (i.e. the relation of PTMs with soil matrix and their chemical accessibility and mobility) and to define the feasibility of potential remediation treatments (Adriano et al., 2004 Banat et al., 2005 Gasser and Dahlgren, 1994 Sahuquillo et al., 2003 Venditti et al., 2000a,b). 

The most primitive chondrites consist of coarse-grained (mm-sized) mineral assemblages embedded in fine-grained (10 nm-5 pm) matrix material (see Fig. 1.2). The coarse-grained chondritic components are diverse in their composition and mineralogy and include calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs), amoeboid olivine aggregates (AOAs), Al-rich chondrules, Fe-Mg chondrules, Fe-rich metals, and iron sulfides. The CAIs are composed largely of calcium, aluminum, and titanium... 

From a mineralogy viewpoint, IDPs are aggregates of mostly sub-micron-sized crystalline silicates (olivine and pyroxene), amorphous silicates, sulfides, and minor refractory minerals, held together by an organic-rich, carbonaceous matrix. Large fractions, 30-60 wt%, of these IDPs are amorphous silicates, known as glass with... 

Interaction with minor amounts of aqueous fluids can modify the primary mineralogy and thermal metamorphism at low temperatures (above 520—570 K) drives recrystallization of the matrix to form coarser-grained materials. Unfortunately, the effects of thermal metamorphism on matrices have only been fully appreciated recently. Consequently, much of the older literature on matrices is... 

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