Anthropogenic factor

Significantly high industrial contributions (25-30% to urban background) affect Krakow and Milan, and Kosice (for which no appropriate source apportionment has been provided). 

Forest fires have been reported as a relevant PM10 source for Lisbon. 

17 http //ec.europa.eu/environment/air/qualityAegislation/time extensions.html. 

Sofia Adverse (continental) Very adverse No plausible data 2004/2005, incomplete 

The data on the modal split of urban traffic do not seem to be completely comparable (e.g. not all the data cover pedestrian traffic). However, significantly high shares of private cars have been reported for Athens, Paris, Stuttgart, Milan and London (40-50%). Distinctly low shares of private cars have been reported for Krakow and Berlin (about 30%). 

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Table IL Anthropogenic factors known from laboratoiy and field studies to cause stresses in forest trees (cf. 3, 4, 9,10,11,12,13,14).

Prats J, Val R, Armengol J, Dolz J (2010) Temporal variability in the thermal regime of the lower Ebro River (Spain) and alteration due to anthropogenic factors. Journal of Hydrology 387 105-118... 

Harvell, C. D. et al., Emerging marine diseases, climate links and anthropogenic factors, Science, 285, 1505, 1999. 

Additional information is available to the reader in the way of reviews on disease outbreaks in marine mammals, the anthropogenic factors affecting disease outbreaks in marine mammals, and considerations for study design in marine mammal immunotoxicology [3-5],... 

Indeed this approach is shown to be the most appropriate for the Asian part of Russia, China, Thailand, Taiwan, where, at present, adequate information on the great spatial variability of natural and anthropogenic factors is either limited or absent (Bashkin and Park, 1998). 

Redox processes affect contaminant solubility and may result from fluctuating saturation and drying processes in the subsurface due to natural or anthropogenic factors. Reduction and oxidation processes also may occur simultaneously in a partially... 

Falkowski, P. G., Y. Kim, Z. Kolber, C. Wilson, C. Wirick, and R. Cess, Natural versus Anthropogenic Factors Affecting Low-Level Cloud Albedo over the North Atlantic, Science, 256, 1311-1313 (1992). 

On a relative basis, i.e. residues per 1000, there is virtually no one species like the other. In contrast, different shell samples from the same species and obtained from the same natural habitat yield identical amino acid patterns. It is of interest that (1) the structure of carbonates (aragonite-calcite-vaterite), (2) the content in trace elements, and (3) the stable isotope distribution are markedly effected by fluctuations in salinity, water temperature, Eh/pH conditions, and some anthropogenic factors. The same environmental parameters determine to a certain degree the chemical composition of the shell organic matrix. This feature suggests a cause-effect relationship between mineralogy and organic chemistry of a shell. In the final analysis, however, it is simply a reflection of the environmentally-controlled dynamics of the cell. 

Zhukov, A. B. (1976). The impact of anthropogenic factors on forest biogeocenosis in Siberia. Ecol. Bull. 21, 41 45. 

Conventional tillage exposes the OM, which are naturally stabilized in the soil, to the action of sunlight and oxidation conditions that favor microbial activity. Consequently, only the very stable fraction of SOM generally remains. The importance of SOM functions is well known, but structural information, chemical composition, and changes induced by anthropogenic factors, such as tillage practices, are still under research. 

Volovik, S.P. (1975). Influence of climatic and anthropogenic factors on the structure and production of pelagic fish communities in the Azov Sea (In Russian). Trudy VNIRO103,107-119. 

Estimates of RF obtained with due regard to GHGs and aerosol are of importance in giving substance to conclusions concerning the contribution of anthropogenic factors to climate formation. The correctness of these conclusions is restricted, however, by three factors. One is that the interactivity of these factors... 

Anthropogenic factors affecting the biospheric nitrogen cycle... 

An important block of the MBWB is the methods of determination of various parameters of the water cycle. Such methods are based on the use of surface, satellite, and airborne measurements. The MBWB used as a global model makes it easier to understand the role of the oceans and land in the hydrological cycle, to identify the main factors that control it, as well as to trace the dynamics of its interaction with plants, soil, and topographic characteristics of the Earth surface. It is based on the interaction between the elements of the water cycle, and takes natural and anthropogenic factors into account by means of information interfaces with other units of the global model (Krapivin and Kondratyev, 2002). 

CLIVAR Program of studies of the variability and predictability of climate with anthropogenic factors and interactions in the ocean-atmosphere-land system taken into account. 

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