Consumption, household

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food consumption Households in the United States, Spring 1977, Human nutrition information service NSCS 1977-78, Report H-1 September (1982) [regional tabulations are available for the Northeast (H-2), North Central (H-3), South (H-4), and West (H-5)]. 

The two Swiss manufacturers produce salt at 15 ppm iodide. Salt both for household and food industry (meat, bakeries, instant food etc.) is iodized. The use of iodized salt is voluntary and food shops must carry both iodized salt and non-iodized salt. In 1989 92 % of household salt and 78 % of all salt for human consumption (household + food industry) was iodized. The share of iodized salt in food industry thus is lower than in households. The main reason is food export into countries which do not allow iodine to exceed given levels. The price for both iodized and non-iodized salt is kept the same. 

The greatest amount of surfactant consumption is in packaged soaps and detergents for household and industrial use. The remainder is used in processing textiles and leather, in ore flotation and oil-drilling operations, and in the manufacture of agricultural sprays, cosmetics, elastomers, food, lubricants, paint, pharmaceuticals, and a host of other products. 

Waste Treatment. Microwave energy has been studied for the desulfurization of coal (qv) and treatment of wastes (190). Developments in microwave incinerators for medical and radioactive wastes have occurred (191,192). Even a consumer unit for consumption of sohd household waste has been proposed (193). Economic factors remain a key barrier in these developments. 

Energy Information Administration. (1997). Household Vehicles Energy Consumption, 1994. Washington, DC U.S. Department of Energy. 

Bicsiot, W-, and Noorman, K. J. (1999). Energy Requirements in Household Consumption A Case Study of the Netherlands. Ecological Economics 28 367-383. BP Amoco. (2000). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. BP Amoco, London, . 

The demand for electrically operated tools or devices that can be handled independently of stationary power sources led to a variety of different battery systems which are chosen depending on the field of application. In the case of rare usage, e.g., for household electric torches or for long-term applications with low current consumption, such as watches or heart pacemakers, primary cells (zinc-carbon, alkaline-manganese or lithium-iodide cells) are chosen. For many applications such as starter batteries in cars, only rechargeable battery systems, e.g., lead accumulators, are reasonable with regard to costs and the environment. 

The total worldwide consumption of AOS in 1990 was of the order of 85,000 tonnes [12] split between household products (55,000 tonnes) toiletries and personal care products (20,000 tonnes), and industrial and institutional uses (10,000 tonnes). The worldwide consumption of all synthetic detergents in 1990 was as follows (1) anionics (3,390,000 tonnes), cationics (815,000 tonnes), and nonionics (910,000 tonnes). From the total of 5,115,000 tonnes, AOS consumption accounts for 1.5%. 

The calculation of direct household costs of HIV/AIDS is quite difficult. First, resource consumption is hardly documented, so that patients have to be interviewed or be asked to keep household diaries for all expenditure due to their disease. Second, it is frequently not easy to allot a certain expenditure to a specific disease. Co-payments for drugs, practitioner, and hospital services as well as transport to and from the provider are easily allocated to the COI of this disease. But other direct household costs might be even higher, such as the costs of a special diet, but it is very difficult to analyze whether these costs are really incurred due to this illness. Studies demonstrate that direct household costs might be small in developed countries, but they might make up to 50% of the total COI in developing countries (Su et al. 2006). 

As discussed previously, direct COI are the economic representation of resource consumption and have a natural monetary value. They can occur on the provider and the household side. This chapter analyses the direct COI in four steps Provider cost before HAART (Sect. 2.1.1), provider cost in the HA ART era (Sect. 2.1.2), lifetime provider costs (Sect. 2.1.3), and direct household cost (Sect. 2.1.4). 

Three major non-polymer propylene derivatives are isopropanol, acetone, and acrylic acid. Isopropanol (isopropyl alcohol) is used mainly as a solvent. It has been made from propylene by reaction with sulfuric acid and water for at least the last 75 years, making its manufacture the oldest, still-running commercial organic chemical process. It is used in household rubbing alcohol because, unlike ethanol, it is unfit for human consumption even in small amounts. About 25 % of the isopropanol produced is used for making acetone, in competition with a route based on isopropylbenzene. 

Glaeser and Kahn [16] evaluated the emissions released by American households for heating purposes. The two primary heating sources for households are fuel oil and natural gas. On the one hand in the United States, the use of fuel oil is pretty rare, with the exception of the Northeast, and it is used as a source of home heating in few metropolitan areas on the other hand, natural gas is the most common home heating source and in some areas electricity is also used. Natural gas consumption is driven primarily by climate. 

---