Populations estimates

Misleading interpretation might result if bacterial population estimation were applied to material held under refrigerated conditions. Under such conditions bacterial development is materially held in check, while physiological deterioration still continues to... 

Figure 3.4a Observed (open circles), single-subject OLS-predicted (solid line), and population estimation (L B90)-predicted (dashed line) time-volume points for subject (Treated).

Table I indicates the sample size and population estimates of preschoolers by study area and stratum. Though all strata for the Dixie site are shown, at the Dixie site the configuration and location of the major traffic artery in relation to the smelter site did not allow analysis of the contribution of vehicular traffic to soil lead. The contribution of the smelter to soil lead levels was possible at the RSR site and the reference site.

Table I. Sample Size and Population Estimates of Preschoolers by Study Area and Stratum ...

The totals for sample size and population estimates for subsequent tables may not agree exactly with the numbers in this table. This is because information on race for some individuals was not available 80 that they could not be included in subsequent tables that are broken out by race. 

Table XII shows the population estimate, sample size by stratum, and mean blood lead levels among black children In the reference area of 13.2 and 14.6 pg/dl In the low and high traffic density areas, respectively.

Note Percentages are approximate and represent an extrapolation from SAMHSA data and census figures. SAMHSA data do not include drug use among people under the age of 12 years, so these are rough population estimates. Reported drug use does not necessarily mean drug problems. 

Wileyto, E.P., Ewens, W.J., and Mullen, M.A. 1994. Markov-recapture population estimates A tool for improving interpretation of trapping experiments. Ecology 75, 1109-1117. 

Population Estimates of Genomic Variation in Different Human Samples ... 

If I could try to define what I mean by the structure of the data, I might say this In the contamination of fish, it is not widely recognized that the contamination has a size-concentration dependency. The concentration of PCB, a persistent and complicated group of compounds, in a fish certainly has a size factor in it. As a random sample, it is important to place it in the context for which the range of values fall, i. e., the mean and distribution. If we put that in place of a population estimate, we see that there is a factor involved in those measurements. "... 

EPA. 1989d. NHATS broad scan analysis Population estimates from fiscal year 1982 specimens. Report to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Toxic Substances, Washington, DC, by Battelle, Arlington VA. EPA 560/5-90-001. 

Nelson, David E. Population Estimates of Household Eirearm Storage Practices and Eirearm Carrying in Oregon. JAMA, The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 275, June 12, 1996, pp. 1744-1748. Gives a percentage breakdown of households with firearms stored in various ways (such as loaded and unlocked) and of firearm carrying. Nelson also gives correlation with alcohol use. 

U.S. Census Bureau (2000) Resident Population Estimates of the United States by Age and Sex. Washington, DC ... 

For women, the result should be multiplied by 0.85 (because of reduced muscle mass). It must be emphasized that this estimate is, at best, a population estimate and may not apply to a particular patient. If the patient has normal renal function (up to one third of elderly patients), a dose corrected on the basis of this estimate will be too low—but a low dose is initially desirable if one is uncertain of the renal function in any patient. If a precise measure is needed, a standard 12- or 24-hour creatinine clearance determination should be obtained. As indicated above, nutritional changes alter pharmacokinetic parameters. A patient who is severely dehydrated (not uncommon in patients with stroke or other motor impairment) may have an additional marked reduction in renal drug clearance that is completely reversible by rehydration. 

Drug consumption among the general population (estimates of prevalence and incidence) ... 

Gemmell, M.A. and Johnstone, P.D. (1981) Factors regulating tapeworm populations estimations of the duration of acquired immunity by sheep to Taenia hydatigena. Research in Veterinary Science 30, 53-56. 

Of all the absorption models tested, the last absorption model (Lrst-order model where the absorption rate constant and lag time were treated as a mixture model) Ltted the data best. In 97% of the subjects, the population-estimated absorption rate constant was-1 vfifttia lag time of 0.821 h, and in the remaining 3% of the subjects, the population-estimated absorption rate constant was 0.361 h1 without a lag time (Bonate et al., 2004). 

These are estimates of dietary exposure to inorganic contaminants for individuals who eat average amounts of food (i.e. mean consumers) and those who eat more than average (i.e. upper range (97.5th percentile) consumers) and are based on consumption data from the UK National Adult Dietary Survey (NADS).4 They are calculated using the mean upper bound concentrations of specific contaminants in each food group and the consumption data from the NADS. Consumer exposure estimates are less suitable for following trends in exposure than population estimates as they are based on consumption data from the NADS which was carried out only once in 1986 and 1987 and is not updated... 

Aluminium has been included in the UK TDS only since 1988, owing to the difficulty of obtaining reliable analytical data in the presence of environmental levels of aluminium (Table 7.7). Dietary exposures for mean and 97.5th percentile for UK consumers in 1997 were 3.2 mg/day and 5.7 mg/day respectively,10 similar to the population exposure. All the estimated exposures were well below the JECFA PTWI of 7 mg/kg bodyweight, which is equivalent to 60 mg/day for a 60 kg adult. The population estimate is similar to dietary exposures reported for other countries. A dietary exposure in the USA of 11.5 mg/day was reported for 14-16-year old males,8 while dietary exposures in an Italian TDS were between 2.3-6.3 mg/day.37... 

Kripke D, Ancoli-Israel S., Klauber M. US population estimate for disordered sleep breathing high rates in minority. Sleep Res 1995 24 268. 

Duarte-Davidson, R., Jones, K.C., 1994. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the UK population Estimated intake, exposure and body burden. Sci. Total Environ. 151, 131-153. 

The structural submodel describes the central tendency of the time course of the antibody concentrations as a function of the estimated typical pharmacokinetic parameters and independent variables such as the dosing regimen and time. As described in Section 3.9.3, mAbs exhibit several parallel elimination pathways. A population structural submodel to mechanistically cover these aspects is depicted schematically in Fig. 3.14. The principal element in this more sophisticated model is the incorporation of a second elimination pathway as a nonlinear process (Michaelis-Menten kinetics) into the structural model with the additional parameters Vmax, the maximum elimination rate, and km, the concentration at which the elimination rate is 50% of the maximum value. The addition of this second nonlinear elimination process from the peripheral compartment to the linear clearance process usually significantly improves the fit of the model to the data. Total clearance is the sum of both clearance parts. The dependence of total clearance on mAb concentrations is illustrated in Fig. 3.15, using population estimates of the linear (CLl) and nonlinear clearance (CLnl) components. At low concentra-... 

Pharmaceuticals have provided numerous examples of genetic susceptibilities to toxicants. This is because major pharmaceutical drugs are given to hundreds of thousands, or even millions, of people so that genetic defects that result in toxic effects will show up even if only very small fractions of the population (estimated to be 1 in 10,000 or less for cases of toxic effects to the liver) are genetically predisposed to adverse effects. Unfortunately, at such low levels of occurrence, there is as of yet no good way to predict such rare adverse effects in advance. 

The technique of channeling-enhanced X-ray emission (CHEXE) has enabled cation site occupancies to be determined in various minerals, including transition metal ions in spinels and ferromagnesian silicates (Taftp, 1982 Taftp and Spence, 1982 Smyth and Taftp, 1982 McCormick etal., 1987). The method, which is based on relative intensities of X-ray peaks measured on crystals with diameters as small as 50 nm under the electron microscope, is particularly useful for determining site occupancies of minor elements with concentrations as low as 0.05 atom per cent in a structure. The most important criterion for the determination of element distribution in a mineral by this technique is that the cation sites should lie on alternating crystallographic planes. In order to make quantitative site population estimates, additional information is required, particularly the occupancy of at least one element in one of the sites or in another site that lines up with one of the sites of interest (McCormick et al., 1987). For example, cation site occupancies by CHEXE measurements have been determined from X-ray peak intensity ratios of Si to Ni, Mn, Cr and Fe in forsterite, as well as thermal disordering of these cations in heated olivines (Smyth and Taftp, 1982). 

The FOCE method uses a first-order Taylor series expansion around the conditional estimates of the t] values. This means that for each iteration step where population estimates are obtained the respective individual parameter estimates are obtained by the FOCE estimation method. Thus, this method involves minimizations within each minimization step. The interaction option available in FOCE considers the dependency of the residual variability on the interindividual variability. The Laplacian estimation method is similar to the FOCE estimation method but uses a second-order Taylor series expansion around the conditional estimates of the 77 values. This method is especially useful when a high degree of nonlinearity occurs in the model [10]. 

FIGURE 9.2 Representation of blacks in the United States vs. doctorate programs in chemistry, 1990 to 2000. SOURCE NSF/NIH/NEH/USED/USDA/NASA, Survey of Earned Doctorates, Doctorates Awarded to U.S. Citizens and Permanent Residents by Race/Ethnicity, Gender, and Fine Field 1990-2000, Table 3, National Opinion Research Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 2000 and Population Estimates Program, U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, DC, December, 2000. 

Information on annual per capita food use In the U.S. Is obtained from published (17. 18) and unpublished data from the Economic Research Service of USDA. Quantities are measured of approximately 350 foods that "disappear" Into the food distribution system. The amounts are derived by deducting data on exports, military use, year-end Inventories, and nonfood use from data on production, Imports, and beglnnlng-of-the year Inventories. Because of the complexity of the food distribution system, use of each food Is not measured at the same point In the system. Some foods are In a raw or primary state while others are retail products when their use Is measured. Subsequent losses that occur In processing, marketing, and home use are not taken into consideration. Food supply data used In the preparation of this report reflect, for the first time, revised population estimates for 1970-1981 based on the 1980 Census and revised estimates for fluid milk and cream use from 1909-1981. Dairy product consumption data for 1981 In this paper are preliminary. 

The potential use of the bacterium responsible for plague. Yersinia pestis, as a bioweapon has been a subject of research both in the United States as well as the Soviet Union in the post-World War II era. A WHO study of a deliberate aerosolization of Y. pestis over an urban population estimated nearly 25 % mortality among those infected with the pneumonic form of plague (WHO, 1970) (See Figure 21.4). 

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