Military applications underwater

The use of ferroelectric polymers in transduction applications has had an impact on the development at advanced specialized devices. Many of the original devices were oriented toward military applications such as large-area sensor arrays and surveillance systems for underwater detection. Although some of these systems have been implemented, later emphasis has been toward commercial transduction application in the fields of geofAys-ical exploration, biomedicine, robotics, and measurement instrumentation. 

Applications for primary silver—cadmium batteries include oceanographic buoys, torpedoes, missiles, underwater scooters, portable field equipment balloons, sonar devices, planetary probes, and various civil and military applications. 

Nevertheless, water is decomposed with evolution of hydrogen but under controlled conditions and with a reasonable reaction rate. With water as the active cathode material, the battery system—used in military underwater applications—can be designed as (-) Li / KOH / H20 (+) [19]. The... 

Marine high-end battery applications include above water systems, such as electric ships, as well as submersibles, both manned and unmanned. These categories break down into a wide variety of subcategories based on mission needs, size, location for their utilization, etc. These applications predominantly consist of military platforms however, commercial needs also exist, such as providing high-energy storage systems in underwater exploratory vehicles. 

Applications for PEEK range from commercial or industrial to uses in nuclear plants, underground or underwater applications, oil wells, commercial aircraft to military equipment, and for underground or surface-railway equipment. Some typical PEEK products include pump impellers, electrical connectors, valve seals, wires and cable, fire-safety components, and others. 

One of the easiest and best methods of evaluting the low pressure end of the detonation product isentrope of an explosive is to study its effect under water. Although military laboratories throughout the world have been studying the effects of explosives under water for many decades, the problem of what type of an explosive is best for particular underwater applications is still being debated. 

Applications Aircraft, military communications, robotics, unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs). 

Ferroelectric polymers continue to show excellent application in underwater towed arrays. Because of the ease in forming ferroelectric polymer into a variety of shapes and geometries, PVDF has been featured in towed array applications as planar elements, coaxial lines, and cylindrical elements. The towed array applications have included military and seismic uses. 

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