Methanol chemicals synthesized

Isopropanol (2-propanol) is an important alcohol of great synthetic utility. It is the second-largest volume alcohol after methanol (1998 U.S. production was approximately 1.5 billion pounds) and it was the 49th ranked chemical. Isopropanol under the name isopropyl alcohol was the first industrial chemical synthesized from a petroleum-derived olefin (1920). 

A method of chemically synthesizing reduced products including methanol from carbon dioxide and hydrogen has been developed. The method utilizes a metal hydride foil membrane as a continuous source of reactive surface hydrogen atoms and an electrostatic field to enhance the adsorption of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate onto the hydrogen rich surface. The subsequent chemical(rather than electrochemical) reaction between the adsorbed carbon dioxide and surface hydrogen/metal hydride results in the formation of reduced products. 

Sorv of Hydn enation. Catalytic hydrogenation is used extensively both in the laboratory and in industrial processes. In the laboratory it is used in chemical syntheses, as a basis for many analytical procedures, and as a research tool in the identification and determination of the structure of organic compounds. In industry, large quantities of hydrogen are consumed in the manufacture of ammonia, methanol, liquid fuels, oxygenated... 

Methanol (methyl alcohol), CH3OH, is a very important industrial chemical. Today, methanol is synthesized from carbon monoxide and elemental hydrogen. Write the balanced chemical equation for this process. 

Maria Omastova and Ivan Chodak prepared conductive polypropylene/ polypyrrole composites using the method of chemically initiated oxidative modification of polypropylene particles in suspension by pyrrole. In order to prepare the composite, polypropylene particles were dispersed in water-methanol mixture and FeCb was added to be used for chemical oxidation. Addition of pyrrole started formation of polypyrrole particles in polypropylene suspension. The electrical and rheological properties of the composite were compared with polypropylene/polypyrrole composite prepared by melt mixing of pure polypropylene with chemically synthesized polypyrrole and with polypropylene/carbon black composites also prepared by melt mixing. Elemental analysis verified presence of polypyrrole in polypropylene matrix. The conductivity studies show that even a very small PPy amount present in composites results in a significant increase in... 

In addition to its potential use as a feedstock for multiple chemical syntheses, conversion of methane to methanol is of great benefit as a direct route to produce oxygenated fuels. Methanol may be used in direct combination with gasoline or as a raw material for methyl tertiary butyl ether for mixing with gasoline. The catalytic conversion of methane to methanol or acetic acid has enormous potential to ... 

LA can be chemically synthesized in different ways among the various alternatives, the most popular route is shown in Scheme 8.1. Notably, a racemic mixture is invariably produced. Lactonitrile, prepared by reacting acetaldehyde with hydrogen cyanide (A), is hydrolyzed at acidic conditions to lactic acid (B), and then esterified to methyl lactate (C) to recover and purify it by distillation. The produced lactate is finally hydrolyzed back to LA and methanol, which is recycled to the esterification step. 

Oxidation State Studies. For the oxidation state studies polyaniline was chemically synthesized by addition of an ammonium persulfate solution (in 1.0 M HCl) to a stirred aniline solution (in 1.0 M HCl) over a two and one half-hour period. The temperature of the reaction mixture was controlled at -30 C. LiCl (6.0 M) was present to prohibit freezing. For this reaction, the aniline oxidant molar ratio was 2 1. The total reaction time was 24 hours after which the resultant emeraldine salt was washed with 6.0 L of deionized water. The emeraldine salt was deprotonated by stirring in 3 wt% NH40H for 25 hours and washed with 6.0 L deionized water. Oligomer was removed by stirring the emeraldine base in methanol for 45 minutes followed by rinsing with 6.0 L methanol. Gel permeation chromatography (polystyrene standards, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone/0.05 M LiBr as eluent, 80 C) was... 

There are two major areas of commercial application of acetic add today food-grade vinegar, which is largely the product of bacterial oxidative conversion of diluted purified alcohol or alcoholic mashes from various fruits and grains, and chemically synthesized industrial acetic acid, 62 % of which is produced by carbonylation of methanol and the rest by oxidation of -butane. Chemically synthesized acetic acid is a commodity chemical that has become a major feedstock for the United States and worldwide chemical industry. O Figure 1.5 displays the major chemicals derived from acetic acid and their commercial applications. 

Synthetic chemical approaches to the preparation of carbon-14 labeled materials iavolve a number of basic building blocks prepared from barium [ CJ-carbonate (2). These are carbon [ C]-dioxide [ CJ-acetjlene [U— C]-ben2ene, where U = uniformly labeled [1- and 2- C]-sodium acetate, [ C]-methyl iodide, [ C]-methanol, sodium [ C]-cyanide, and [ CJ-urea. Many compHcated radiotracers are synthesized from these materials. Some examples are [l- C]-8,ll,14-eicosatrienoic acid [3435-80-1] inoxn. [ CJ-carbon dioxide, [ting-U— C]-phenyhsothiocyanate [77590-93-3] ftom [ " CJ-acetjlene, [7- " C]-norepinephrine [18155-53-8] from [l- " C]-acetic acid, [4- " C]-cholesterol [1976-77-8] from [ " CJ-methyl iodide, [l- " C]-glucose [4005-41-8] from sodium [ " C]-cyanide, and [2- " C]-uracil [626-07-3] [27017-27-2] from [ " C]-urea. All syntheses of the basic radioactive building blocks have been described (4). 

Synthesis gas is an important intermediate. The mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen is used for producing methanol. It is also used to synthesize a wide variety of hydrocarbons ranging from gases to naphtha to gas oil using Fischer Tropsch technology. This process may offer an alternative future route for obtaining olefins and chemicals. The hydroformylation reaction (Oxo synthesis) is based on the reaction of synthesis gas with olefins for the production of Oxo aldehydes and alcohols (Chapters 5, 7, and 8). 

In the chemical industry, simple aldehydes and ketones are produced in large quantities for use as solvents and as starting materials to prepare a host of other compounds. For example, more than 1.9 million tons per year of formaldehyde, H2C=0, is produced in the United States for use in building insulation materials and in the adhesive resins that bind particle hoard and plywood. Acetone, (CH.3)2C"0, is widely used as an industrial solvent approximately 1.2 million tons per year is produced in the United States. Formaldehyde is synthesized industrial ) by catalytic oxidation of methanol, and one method of acetone preparation involves oxidation of 2-propanol. 

The classic syntheses of the antibacterial sulfonamides involve reaction of the appropriate arylamine with an acid addition salt of p-amino-benzenesulfonyl chloride, or p-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride followed by reduction. Chemical interest largely resides in preparation of the corresponding arylamines. For the synthesis of sulfacytine (134), N-ethyl uracil (131) was converted to its thioamide (132) by reaction with phosphorous pentasulfide. The newly introduced sulfur is then displaced with ammonia in methanol to give 133. Standard reactions complete... 

Anodic hydroxylation/methoxylation of furans has an exact chemical counterpart in the well-known bromine/methanol reaction, and the choice of method is not always easily made. One can compare the two methods particularly easily in syntheses of the flavoring component, the pyrone maltol 121, from the furan 122 since one group used the electrolytic method299 and another the chemical method.300... 

Chemicals. Antipyrine, carbon monoxide (Matheson, Coleman and Bell, Los Angeles, CA), and 1 CH3-N-antipyrine (11.1 mCi/mM, ICN, Irvine, CA) were purchased. Aldrin (1,8,9,10,11,11-hexa-chloro-2,3-7,6-endo-2,1-7,8-exo-tetracyclo (6.2.1.13,6.02 7) dodeca-A,9-diene) and its epoxide, dieldrin were gifts of Shell Development Co. (Modesto, CA). Each was recrystallized from methanol-water solutions and was greater than 99% pure as determined by gas chromatography. l CH30-p-Nitroanisole (1.9 mCi/mmole) was synthesized (1A) and 3H-benzo(a)pyrene (8.3 Ci/ mmole) was purchased (Amersham-Searle Co., Arlington Heights,... 

---