Chemical Synthetic Approach

In nature, complex functional molecules such as en2ymes ate produced by using the chemical synthetic approach outlined above (13). The molecules... 

The types of molecules synthesized by biotechnological techniques are restricted to those biomolecules whose stmctures can be encoded in the DNA of organisms capable of translating them into functional nanomaterials. Other types of molecules and nanomaterials can be synthesized by chemical synthetic approaches, such as covalent syntheses and molecular self-assembly of molecular units. 

In the period up to 1970 most P-lactam research was concerned with the penicillin and cephalosporin group of antibiotics (1). Since that time, however, a wide variety of new mono- and bicychc P-lactam stmctures have been described. The carbapenems, characterized by the presence of the bicychc ting systems (1, X = CH2) originated from natural sources the penem ring (1, X = S) and its derivatives are the products of the chemical synthetic approach to new antibiotics. The chemical names are 7-oxo-(R)-l-a2abicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxyhc acid [78854-41-8] CyH NO, and 7-oxo-(R)-4-thia-l-a2abicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic a.cid [69126-94-9], C H NO S, respectively. 

Sonochemical synthesis of inorganic nanoparticles Ashokkumar M (2008) In Cozzoli PD (ed) Chapter 4 Advanced we-chemical synthetic approaches to inorganic nanostructures, Transworld Research Network, pp 107-131... 

Using these chemical synthetic approaches, a wide range of substituted polythiophenes have now been prepared, bearing functional groups that impart specific properties to the polymers such as water solubility, sensor capabilities, and chirality. Some specific examples are described here. 

Conventional chemical synthetic approaches are, in many cases, inadequate to provide substantial quantities of saccharides. The difficulties arise from realizing complete regio- and stereo-control of the glycosylating process. At present, no such methods are available because, in chemical synthesis, most of the difficulties arise from the laborious regio- and stereochemical control. Most synthetic approaches are therefore based on the modification or degradation of naturally occurring polysaccharides resulting in less than perfect products. 

Of course this exciting program implies some changes in the targets, in the fields of work, and in the chemical synthetic approach. For instance, nanoobjects are not single molecules they are molecules designed from two perspectives their property (physical or chemical in the case of... 

K. Biswas and C.N.R Rao, Use of ionic liquids, hquid-liquid interfaces and other novel methods for the synthesis of inorganic nanocrystals, in Advanced wet-chemical synthetic approaches to inorganic nanostructures (P.D. Cozzoli, ed). Research Signpost, Kerala, 2009. 

In the antisense strategy, mRNA is the sense strand and the target for gene silencing. However, there is also the possibility of developing mRNA itself for medical application by a chemical synthetic approach. In addition, synthetic mRNA would be a useful tool for the intracellular expressimi of oligopeptides in basic research. In anticipation of future therapeutic and research requirements for mRNA, and as a more stringent test of the CEM method than that described in Sect. 6.2.1, we developed a chemical approach to the synthesis of mRNA. 

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