Oxide molar ratio

Figure 4.10 Temperature dependencies of reaction product yields and selectivity at methane oxidation molar ratio CH4 25% H202 = 1 1, t= 1.2s (1 methanol 2 CO + C02 3 formaldehyde 4 selectivity by formaldehyde and 5 total methane conversion).

Figure 4.13 Temperature dependence of reaction product yields and selectivity at methanol oxidation molar ratio CH3OH 25% aqueous H20, vCH3oH = 1.44ml/h, vH2q2 = 2.32ml/h (1 CO 2 C02 3 formaldehyde 4 selectivity and 5 total methanol conversion).

Table I demonstrates that the conventional explanation for the overlap of ranges in terms of batch oxide molar ratios is inadequate and merely suggests recipes for preparing a given zeolite.

The reaction time necessary for crystallization at a given reaction temperature can be controlled in a variety of ways, but the major way of controlling reaction time is by adjusting the water to sodium oxide molar ratio of the reaction mixture. The reaction time necessary to form these zeolites is directly proportional to the water to sodium oxide molar ratio used. For example, when the synthesis conditions indicate that the water to sodium oxide molar ratio for making zeolite A is between 15.1 and 20.1 for making a combination of zeolite X and zeolite A it should be between 25 1 and 35 1. Therefore, to synthesize zeolite A in a reaction mixture having a sodium oxide to silica molar ratio and a silica to alumina molar ratio where normally zeolite X would be formed, one would decrease the water to sodium oxide ratio. 

This relationship between the water to sodium oxide molar ratio and the type of zeolite formed was not previously known. For example, U.S. patents issued to Milton (JL, 7), show a water to sodium oxide molar ratio of from 35 to 200 for the production of zeolite A and a water to sodium oxide molar ratio of from 35 to 60 for the production of zeolite X. If anything, this would imply that the reaction mixture for preparing zeolite A should have a higher water to sodium oxide molar ratio than the reaction mixture for preparing zeolite X. In U.S. patent 3,119,659, the water to sodium oxide molar ratio for the production of zeolite A is from 30 to 60. None of the above examples show that the water to sodium oxide molar ratio should be higher for making zeolite X than for making zeolite A. 

Another way of controlling the reaction time necessary for crystallization at a given temperature is by adjusting the sodium oxide to silica molar ratio of the reaction mixture. The reaction time necessary to form these zeolites is inversely proportional to the sodium oxide to silica molar ratio used. The effect of sodium oxide to silica molar ratio is less pronounced than that of water to sodium oxide molar ratio. 

Figure 15 Highest acid strength versus average electronegativity of metal ions of mixed oxides (molar ratio =1)...

The filtrate, consisting of a solution with a sodium oxide/aluminum oxide molar ratio of 1.5 to 1.8, is cooled with stirring and then seeded with large quantities of... 

Industrially interesting alkali silicates (sodium and potassium silicates) are characterized either by the SiOi alkali oxide weight ratio or by the Si02 alkali oxide molar ratio. The latter is obtained by multiplication of the weight ratio by 1.032 for sodium silicates and 1.568 for potassium silicates. 

Fig. 18. Catalytic activity profiles of LaM03 oxides at 300°C in propene (open symbols) and isobutene (filled symbols) oxidation. Molar ratio HC 02 = 0.25 1 (circles) or 2 1 (triangles). (Reprinted by permission from Ref. 136.)...

Reaction of 4-Methoxy-2,6-Diphenylphenoxyl (XVa) and, ( -Di-phenyldiethylsulf oxide. 4-Methoxy-2,6-diphenylphenoxyl (XVa) and j3,/ -diphenyldiethylsulf oxide (molar ratio 2 1) were heated in o-dichloro-benzene at 150°C. From high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis it was concluded that sulfinate (XVI) see Scheme 3) arises and disappears within 5 min. 

Ferrero et al. have found that the rate of reaction of ethylene oxide with primary and secondary amines is greater than with ammonia consequently a large excess of ammonia is required if primaiy and secondary ethanol-amines are desired. The reaction of ethylene oxide and ammonia follows a second-order reaction. With the addition of known amounts of primaiy and secondary ethanolamines to the reactants, the equilibrium is shifted to exclude further formation of the added amine. This effect, as well as the effect of ammonia. ethylene oxide molar ratio, is shown in Table 8-5. 

NH3 ethylene oxide molar ratio Mole of secondary ethanolamine added/mole of ethylene oxide Product ... 

The reaction mixture of samples corresponded to an oxide molar ratio of 1 AI2O3 31.45 Si02 3.21 (TEA)20 1.66 Na20 661 H2O. The chemical nature and the oxide molar ration of surfactant used are given in Tab.1. 

Fig. 3. Electrode potential vs. immersion time in 0.1 M sodium chloride solution at pH 7.0 and 25 °C for primers based on 7.5/1.0 nanosihca/hthium oxide molar ratio, fine microzinc and graphite fibers.

Figure 3 includes values of potential versus immersion time in 0.1 M sodium chloride solution at pH 7.0 and 25 C for primers formulated with 57.5 and 70.0% PVC values and based on 7.5/1.0 nano silica/lithium oxide molar ratio as film-forming material, fine microzinc (D 50/50 4 pm) as pigment inhibiting and graphite as reinforcement fiber in the three levels studied. In addition, this figure displays the corresponding reference primers. 

Oxidation State Studies. For the oxidation state studies polyaniline was chemically synthesized by addition of an ammonium persulfate solution (in 1.0 M HCl) to a stirred aniline solution (in 1.0 M HCl) over a two and one half-hour period. The temperature of the reaction mixture was controlled at -30 C. LiCl (6.0 M) was present to prohibit freezing. For this reaction, the aniline oxidant molar ratio was 2 1. The total reaction time was 24 hours after which the resultant emeraldine salt was washed with 6.0 L of deionized water. The emeraldine salt was deprotonated by stirring in 3 wt% NH40H for 25 hours and washed with 6.0 L deionized water. Oligomer was removed by stirring the emeraldine base in methanol for 45 minutes followed by rinsing with 6.0 L methanol. Gel permeation chromatography (polystyrene standards, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone/0.05 M LiBr as eluent, 80 C) was... 

Fig. 3.44 Highest acid strength vt. averted elcctionegativity of metal ions of binary oxides (molar ratio=l)...

---