Methanol and acetone

Commercial VPO of propane—butane mixtures was in operation at Celanese Chemical Co. plants in Texas and/or Canada from the 1940s to the 1970s. The principal primary products were acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, methanol, and acetone. The process was mn at low hydrocarbon conversion (3—10%) and a pressure in excess of 790 kPa (7.8 atm). These operations were discontinued because of various economic factors, mainly the energy-intensive purification system required to separate the complex product streams. 

Alkali AletalIodides. Potassium iodide [7681-11-0] KI, mol wt 166.02, mp 686°C, 76.45% I, forms colorless cubic crystals, which are soluble in water, ethanol, methanol, and acetone. KI is used in animal feeds, catalysts, photographic chemicals, for sanitation, and for radiation treatment of radiation poisoning resulting from nuclear accidents. Potassium iodide is prepared by reaction of potassium hydroxide and iodine, from HI and KHCO, or by electrolytic processes (107,108). The product is purified by crystallization from water (see also Feeds and feed additives Photography). 

Sodium iodide [7681-82-5] Nal, mol wt 149.92, mp 662°C, 84.66% I, forms colorless cubic crystals, which are soluble in water, ethanol, methanol, and acetone. It is used in photography, for the production of organic chemicals, and as an expectorant in cough medicines. Nal is separated by addition of sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate to an acidic iodide solution (see also Expectorants, antitussives, and related agents). 

Physical Properties. Methanesulfonyl chloride [124-63-0] (MSG), CH2SO2CI, is a clear Hquid, and is soluble in a wide variety of organic solvents, eg, methanol and acetone (Table 9). 

Charcoal was an important industrial raw material in the United States for iron ore reduction until it was replaced by coal in the early 1880s. Charcoal production increased, however, because of the demand for the by-products acetic acid, methanol, and acetone. In 1920, nearly 100 by-product recovery plants were in operation in the United States, but the last plant ceased operation in 1969. 

The oxygen released is recycled to the isobutane oxidation step. GTBA contains some methanol and acetone coproducts and is used as a blending agent for gasoline. 

There is no specific color or other reaction by which methyl chloride can be detected or identified. QuaUty testing of methyl chloride for appearance, water content, acidity, nonvolatile residue, residual odor, methanol, and acetone is routinely done by production laboratories. Water content is determined with Kad Fischer reagent using the apparatus by Kieselbach (55). Acidity is determined by titration with alcohoHc sodium hydroxide solution. The nonvolatile residue, consisting of oil or waxy material, is determined by evaporating a sample of the methyl chloride at room temperature. The residue is examined after evaporation for the presence of odor. Methanol and acetone content are determined by gas chromatography. 

The effect of solvent concentration on the activity coefficients of the key components is shown in Fig. 13-72 for the system methanol-acetone with either water or methylisopropylketone (MIPK) as solvent. For an initial-feed mixture of 50 mol % methanol and 50 mol % acetone (no solvent present), the ratio of activity coefficients of methanol and acetone is close to unity. With water as the solvent, the activity coefficient of the similar key (methanol) rises slightly as the solvent concentration increases, while the coefficient of acetone approaches the relatively large infinite-dilution value. With methylisopropylketone as the solvent, acetone is the similar key and its activity coefficient drops toward unity as the solvent concentration increases, while the activity coefficient of the methanol increases. 

Methanol and acetone boil at 64.5°C and 56.1°C, respec tively and form a minimum-boihng azeotrope at 55.3°C. The natural volatility of the system is acetone > methanol, so the favored solvents most likely will be those that cause the acetone to be recovered in the distillate. However, for the purposes of the example, a solvent that reverses the natural volatility vi l also be identified. First, examining the polarity of... 

A solution of 50 g of 1 -azabicyclo [2.2.2] -3-octanone hydrochloride in 200 cc of water was hydrogenated at room temperature and 50 atm pressure with 1 g of platinum oxide as catalyst. After the calculated amount of hydrogen had been absorbed, the mixture was filtered and concentrated in vacuo to dryness. The residual product was recrystallized from a mixture of methanol and acetone and formed prisms melting above 300°C. It was identified as 1 -ezabicy-clo[2.2.2] -3-octanol hydrochloride. 

Buffered tetrabutylammonium acetate (final pH 7.1) showed the best results, superior to the more popular phosphate salt, because of its high solubility in aqueous methanol and acetone and its fast reaction with chlorophylls to form hydrophobic... 

When appreciable amounts of pectin, proteins, lipids, unwanted polyphenols, or other compounds are suspected to be present in anthocyanin-containing extracts, some of them can be precipitated or the anthocyanins may be crystalhzed and separated from the others. Pectin and proteins can be removed by organic solvents such as methanol and acetone in order to reduce their solubility, then precipitated and separated by centrifugation. Gelatin was used to remove proanthocyanidin due to its high molecular weight. Anthocyanins were reported to be precipitated early by lead acetate to achieve isolation from other materials. ... 

Into a Schlenk tube was placed Auf 1,5-cyclooctadiene)-nickeI(0) (2.6 mmol), 2,2 -bipyridyl (2.6mmol), 1,5-cyclooctadiene (0.2ml), DMF (4ml), and toluene (8 ml). The reaction mixture was heated to 80°C for 0.5 h under argon. The dibromide comonomers 623 and 634 dissolved in degassed toluene (8 ml molar ratio of dibromides to nickel complex 0.65) were added under argon to the DMF-toluene solution and the polymerization maintained at 80°C for 3 days in the dark. 2-Bromofluorene (molar ratio of dibromides to monobromide 0.1) dissolved in degassed toluene (1ml) was added and the reaction continued for 12 h. The polymers were precipitated by addition of the hot solution dropwise to an equivolume mixture of concentrated HC1, methanol, and acetone. The isolated polymers were then dissolved in toluene or dichlor-omethane and reprecipitated with methanol/acetone (1 1). The copolymers were dried at 80°C in vacuo. The isolated yields of copolymers 240a-c were 79-85%. 

Demirbas, A., Gullu, D. 1998. Acetic acid, methanol and acetone from lignoeellulosies by pyrolysis. Energy Edu Sci Teehnol 2 102-110. 

L = PPh3, P(p-MeCgH4)3, or P(p-FC6H4)3]. Of more fundamental interest was i.r. evidence for the formation of the hitherto unknown Rh2(CO)g from the low -temperature (high-pressure) reaction between Rh4(CO)i2 and CO. Whereas Rh (CO)j2 catalyses the hydroformylation of propene in toluene, the use of more polar solvents such as methanol and acetone has been shown to yield instead RhglCO) , and the first reported acyl clusters [NR4][Rhg-(CO)is(COR)] [R = Et(ethylene) or Pr(propene)]. The presence of the acyl group was confirmed from the i.r. spectra (1655—1670 cm ). ... 

Since the degree of expansion of the polymer coils is directly dependent on the solvating power of the solvent, under otherwise comparable conditions, both a and [q] provide a measure of the goodness of a solvent high values of a and [q] (at constant molecular weight and temperature) indicate remarkable coil expansion and therefore a good solvent. Low values of a and [q] indicate a bad solvent. For example, the values a for poly(vinyl acetate) in methanol and acetone are 0.60 and 0.72, respectively. 

The rapid onset of polymerization is marked by a rise of the temperature to 55-60 °C and the initially clear reaction medium becomes turbid. As the reaction rate falls off, the temperature drops again to 50 °C. In the course of 45-55 min the contents of the flask change to a brown pasty mass. After 60 min the polymerization is stopped by the addition of 30 ml of butanol, thereby causing the reaction mixture suddenly to decolorize and become white. Stirring is continued fora further 10 min, and then 150 ml of meth-anolic hydrochloric acid (2 1 vol/vol) are added with stirring for another 10 min.The polymer is filtered at a Buchner funnel, thoroughly washed with methanol and acetone, and dried to constant weight in vacuum at 50 °C. 

The trihydrate, LiNOs 3HsO, consists of colorless needles loses water of crystallization on strong heating soluble in water, methanol and acetone. 

In addition to these larger VOCs, there are biogenic sources of a wide variety of small alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and acids. For example, emissions of methanol and acetone have been reported from plant leaves, grass, and clover (e.g., MacDonald and Fall, 1993 Nemecek-Marshall et al., 1995 Fall and Benson, 1996 Kirstine et al., 1998). Table 6.25 shows some of the compounds measured in grass and clover emissions (Kirstine et al., 1998). Clearly, a wide variety of oxygen-containing species are emitted from this one source alone. Direct emissions of formaldehyde, ac-etaldehye, and formic and acetic acids have been observed from oaks and pines (Kesselmeier et al., 1997). 

After hydrolysis by 2N methanol solution of H2SO4, the product was neutralized with KOH to pH=5 and methanol evaporated. The dry residue was expected to be poly(allilamine), polymethacrylic acid, and K2SO4. Indeed, after extraction with anhydrous methanol and acetone, poly(allilamine) was identified by NMR and IR spectrometries. After evaporation, solvent from the methanol part of the extract insoluble in chloroform part was obtained. After esterification by diazomethane the product was identified as polyfmethyl methacrylate) on the basis of IR and H-NMR spectroscopy. IR spectroscopy was applied in order to examine the copolymerization of multimethacrylate (p-cresyl-formaldehyde oligomers with methacrylic groups) with st3rrene. It was found that double bond peak at 1650 cm disappeared during the process and it was absent in the product of polymerization. Polymerization and... 

The electrochemical nature of signals observed for all liquids studied is evidence that the electric conductivity arising on shock compression is of an ionic nature. Hamann and coworkers (Refs 1, 2, 6 7) came to the same conclusion when studying the conductivity of water, methanol and acetone in shock waves... 

The precipitates of PVPh/PDMA from methanol and acetone solutions were examined by CPMAS NMR [51], and evidence for specific interaction was obtained with a 3 ppm shift in the phenolic carbon resonance peak. The proton spin-lattice relaxation times Tj were shorter than those predicted by a linear model, though the rotating frame spin-lattice relaxation times Tjp of the com-... 

The decrease in K and Ao with increase in concentration of bromosuccinic acid observed in this work is consistent with the trend observed by Nilsson and Beronius (22) for water and acetone and by Nilsson (23) for methanol and acetone. However, the a values obtained from these data do not match too well with those obtained for the water-acetone and water-methanol systems, but it should be noted that these a values are not calculated in the same manner. With acetone and bromosuccinic acid the change in the a values is just the reverse of what was observed for the other systems as the concentration of the second solvent is increased. 

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