METHACRYLIC ESTER COPOLYMER

PSS columns for aqueous separations PSS HEMA Bio and the further improved PSS SUPREMA columns are based on methacrylic ester copolymer technology and exhibit very good stability while maintaining high efficiency. 

Controlled delivery of theophylline from methacrylic ester copolymers and 117... 

A variety of urethane coating systems has been introduced based on hydroxyl-containing acrylic and methacrylic ester copolymers that contain hydroxyethyl acrylates or methacrylates and that are generally cured with aliphatic di- or polyisocyanates. Depending upon the type and relative amounts, acrylate or other saturated esters, for example, adipate-isophthalic esters, are also used in combination with aliphatic polyisocyanates. 

Nitrocellulose, polyester, acrylic and methacrylic ester copolymer, formaldehyde resin, rosin, cellulose acetate butyrate are the most frequently used polymers in nail polish formulations. Solvents were selected to suit the polymer used. These include acetone, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, methyl glycol acetate, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, toluene, xylene, isopropyl alcohol, methyl chloroform, and naphtha. Solvents constitute a substantial Ifaction of the composition usually around 70%. Reformulation is ongoing to improve the flexibility and durability of the nail polish. Other efforts are directed to improve antifungal properties,to eliminate ketones and formaldehyde resin (ketones because of their toxicity and irritating smell and formaldehyde resins because they contribute to dermatitis), and elimination of yellowing. All efforts are di-... 

Surface modification (54) of epoxy resin has also been made with fluorine containing methacrylic ester copolymers for the purpose of improving oil and water repellancy. ESCA analysis indicates that the fluorine is concentrated at the surface of the resin and this result is confirmed ly measurement of sur ce energy which is known to be reduced by the presence of fluorine. The peel strength of a pressure sensitive silicone adhesive was also reduced by surface modification with fluorene. DGEBA cured with bis(para-amino cyclohexyl) methane was employed for this study. 

Today s requirements for dispersibility and dispersion stability of pigment-base ink jet inks require an extremely high level of performance. Dainippon Ink and Chemicals has developed new microencapsulation technologies for the solution of such problems [5]. Their microencapsulated pigments exhibit concentrated polymer layers on the pigment surfaces. The encapsulation polymers used are basically methacryhc acid-methacrylate ester copolymers. 

Many synthetic latices exist (7,8) (see Elastomers, synthetic). They contain butadiene and styrene copolymers (elastomeric), styrene—butadiene copolymers (resinous), butadiene and acrylonitrile copolymers, butadiene with styrene and acrylonitrile, chloroprene copolymers, methacrylate and acrylate ester copolymers, vinyl acetate copolymers, vinyl and vinyUdene chloride copolymers, ethylene copolymers, fluorinated copolymers, acrylamide copolymers, styrene—acrolein copolymers, and pyrrole and pyrrole copolymers. Many of these latices also have carboxylated versions. 

A substantial fraction of commercially prepared methacrylic polymers are copolymers. Monomeric acryUc or methacrylic esters are often copolymerized with one another and possibly several other monomers. Copolymerization greatiy increases the range of available polymer properties. The aH-acryhc polymers tend to be soft and tacky the aH-methacryhc polymers tend to be hard and brittie. By judicious adjustment of the amount of each type of monomer, polymers can be prepared at essentially any desired hardness or flexibiUty. Small amounts of specially functionalized monomers are often copolymerized with methacrylic monomers to modify or improve the properties of the polymer directiy or by providing sites for further reactions. Table 9 lists some of the more common functional monomers used for the preparation of methacrylic copolymers. 

Emulsion Polymerization. The principal markets for aqueous dispersion polymers made by emulsion polymerization of methacrylic esters are the paint (qv), paper (qv), textile, floor poHsh, and leather (qv) industries where they are used principally as coatings or binders. Copolymers of methyl methacrylate with either ethyl acrylate or butyl acrylate are most common. 

Small amounts of TAIC together with DAP have been used to cure unsaturated polyesters in glass-reinforced thermo sets (131). It has been used with polyfunctional methacrylate esters in anaerobic adhesives (132). TAIC and vinyl acetate are copolymerized in aqueous suspension, and vinyl alcohol copolymer gels are made from the products (133). Electron cure of poly(ethylene terephthalate) moldings containing TAIC improves heat resistance and transparency (134). 

ATRP has also been used to synthesize maeromononicrs subsequently used to make graft copolymers by conventional radical polymerization. Thus, low molecular weight PBA formed by ATRP was converted in near quantitative yield to the methacrylate ester (351) or the corresponding acrylate ester.612... 

Recently it has been shown that anionic functionalization techniques can be applied to the synthesis of macromonomers — macromolecular monomers — i.e. linear polymers fitted at chain end with a polymerizable unsaturation, most commonly styrene or methacrylic ester 69 71). These species in turn provide easy access to graft copolymers upon radical copolymerization with vinylic or acrylic monomers. 

J. Fock, E. Esselbom, and W. Hoehner. Use of copolymers of polyoxy-alkylene ethers of allyl or methallyl alcohols and acrylic or methacrylic esters as emulsion breakers for crude oil containing water (Verwendung von Copolymerisaten von Polyoxyalkylenethem des Allyl- und/oder Methallylalkohols und Acryl- oder Methacrylestem als Dismulgatoren fur Wasser enthaltendes Erdol). Patent DE 3513550,1986. 

W. Ritter, C. Meyer, W. Zollner, C. P. Herold, and S. von Tapavicza. Use of selected acrylic and/or methacrylic acid ester copolymers as flow enhancers in paraffin-rich crude oil and crude oil fraction (II) (Verwendung ausgewahlter Copolymeren der Acryl- und/oder Methacrylsaureester als FlieBverbesserer in paraffinreichen Erdolen und Erdolfraktionen [II]). Patent EP 332002,1989. 

Preparation and Reactions of S-b-MM. As mentioned in the introduction, we were interested in block copolymers of styrene and alkali metal methacrylates with overall molecular weights of about 20,000 and methacrylate contents on the order of 10 mol%. The preparation of such copolymers by the usual anionic techniques is not feasible. An alternative is to prepare block copolymers of styrene and methacrylic esters by sequential anionic polymerization, followed by a post-polymerization reaction to produce the desired block copolymers. The obvious first choice of methacrylic esters is methyl methacrylate. It is inexpensive, readily available, and its block copolymers with styrene are well-known. In fact, Brown and White have reported the preparation and hydrolyses of a series of S-b-MM copolymers of varying MM content using p-toluenesulfonic acid (TsOH) (6). The resulting methacrylic acid copolymers were easily converted to their sodium carboxylates by neutralization with sodium hydroxide. 

Scheme 8.12 Preparation of the diblock copolymer 57 by random copolymerization of PMMA block prepared by ATRP, methacrylic esters containing alkoxyamine nnits 55 and 56 [44],...

Close to 2 billion pounds of polymeric products based on acrylic and methacrylic esters are produced annually in the United States, about evenly divided between acrylates and methacrylates. A substantial fraction of the methacrylate products are copolymers. Most of the acrylate products are copolymers. The copolymers contain various combinations of acrylate and/or methacrylate monomers, including combinations of ester and acid monomers. Methyl methacrylate (MMA) is by far the most important methacrylate ester monomer, accounting for 90% of the volume of methacrylic ester monomers. Ethyl and n-butyl acrylates account for about 80% of the total volume of acrylate ester monomers. 

One attractive possibility is the use of the a-keto-oxime chromophore. It has a strong absorption at 220 nm whose tail, which extends to 240-250 nm, would improve the absorption characteristics of PMMA. Also, the esters possess a N-O bond which is photochemically labile yet sufficiently thermally stable so as to be compatible with the various processing steps. The solution degradation of a-keto oximino methacrylate esters upon irradiation with light of X365 nm has been reported by Delz-enne (2), and we proceeded to investigate the solid state photodegradation of similar copolymers and their possible utility as deep UV photoresists. 

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