Metabolic diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a very common metabolic disease that is caused by absolute or relative insulin deficiency. The lack of this peptide hormone (see p. 76) mainly affects carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Diabetes mellitus occurs in two forms. In type 1 diabetes (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, IDDM), the insulin-forming cells are destroyed in young individuals by an autoimmune reaction. The less severe type 2 diabetes (non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, NIDDM) usually has its first onset in elderly individuals. The causes have not yet been explained in detail in this type. 

A, 1 Control hypertension, hyperlipidemia, glucose metabolism (diabetes), obesity... 

Although acetone is a very minor product of normal metabolism, diabetics whose disease is not well-managed often have high levels of ketone bodies in their circulation. The acetone that is formed from decarboxylation of acetoacetate is excreted through the lungs, causing characteristic acetone breath. ... 

S.E. Meek, et al.. Insulin regulation of regional free fatty acid metabolism. Diabetes, 1999, 48, 10-14. 

McMahon M, Gerich J, Rizza R. Effects of glucocorticoids on carbohydrate metabolism. Diabetes Metab Rev 1988 4 17-30. 

Anderson, J.W. Bridges, S.R. Plant-fiber metabolites alter hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism. Diabetes... 

Sowers JR. Effects of insulin and IGF-I on vascular smooth muscle glucose and cation metabolism. Diabetes 1996 45 S47-S51. 

Wolfe, R.R. and Miller, S.L. (1999). Amino acid availability controls muscle protein metabolism. Diabetes Nutr Metab 12 322-328. 

Radda, G.K., Control of energy metabolism during energy metabolism. Diabetes, 45 S88-S92, 1996. 

Havel, PJ. (2004). Update on adipocyte hormones regulation of energy balance and carbohydrate/lipid metabolism. Diabetes, Vol. 53, Suppl. 1, pp. S143-S151, ISSN 0012-1797. 

In addition to direct effects of chemical compounds on the fetus, metabolic disturbances in the mother, such as diabetes or hyperthermia, or deficiencies of calories or specific nutrients such as vitamin A, zinc, and folic acid may lead to teratogenesis. Compounds that inhibit placental functions may also induce malformations, e.g., by inhibiting placental circulation. For example, hydroxyurea disrupts the placental circulation and induces malformations. In addition, it also induces DNA damage. 

Parvovirus B-iy Maternal metabolic imbalances Alcoholism Cretinism Diabetes... 

Insulin is a peptide hormone, secreted by the pancreas, that regulates glucose metabolism in the body. Insufficient production of insulin or failure of insulin to stimulate target sites in liver, muscle, and adipose tissue leads to the serious metabolic disorder known as diabetes mellitus. Diabetes afflicts millions of people worldwide. Diabetic individuals typically exhibit high levels of glucose in the blood, but insulin injection therapy allows diabetic individuals to maintain normal levels of blood glucose. 

Diabetes mellitus. A defect in carbohydrate metabolism leading to the appearance of sugar in the urine. 

The wide range of inflammation-related factors that adipocytes secrete is linked to the inflammatory response that the tissue exhibits in obesity [1]. Obesity in general, like an increasing number of other diseases, is characterised by a state of mild chronic inflammation, and adipose tissue plays a central role in this. The production of most inflammation-related adipokines increases markedly in obesity and there is an elevated circulating level of a number of these factors as well as of other inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP). The increased production of inflammatory adipokines (and decreased production of adiponectin with its anti-inflammatory action) in the obese is considered to play a critical role in the development of the obesity-associated pathologies, particularly type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome [1]. 

Ahima RS, Qi Y, Singhal NS et al (2006) Brain adipocytokine action and metabolic regulation. Diabetes 55 S145—S154... 

Type 2 diabetes is a heterogeneous and progressive endocrine disorder associated with insulin resistance (impaired insulin action) and defective function of the insulin-secreting (3-cells in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. These endocrine disorders give rise to widespread metabolic disturbances epitomised by hyperglycaemia. The present classes of antidiabetic agents other than insulin act to either increase insulin secretion, improve insulin action, slow the rate of intestinal... 

As described in the previous section, bile acids have evolved over the last years from regulators of bile acid homeostasis to general metabolic integrators. It is therefore not too surprizing that a number of bile acid-activated signaling pathways have become attractive targets for the treatment of gallstones and other metabolic diseases, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and atherosclerosis. 

Obese people are predisposed to diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The term diabesity (sometimes referred to as syndrome X or metabolic syndrome ) reflects the intricate association between these disorders. 

Knockout mice have been reported for several FATPs [1]. As insulin desensitization has been closely linked to excessive fatty acid uptake and intracellular diacylgly-cerol and TG accumulation, these animal models were particularly evaluated in the context of protection from diet-induced type 2 diabetes ( Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)). In addition, studies on human subjects have also established genetic links between polymorphisms in FATP genes and metabolic alterations [1]. 

Insulin resistance occurs when the normal response to a given amount of insulin is reduced. Resistance of liver to the effects of insulin results in inadequate suppression of hepatic glucose production insulin resistance of skeletal muscle reduces the amount of glucose taken out of the circulation into skeletal muscle for storage and insulin resistance of adipose tissue results in impaired suppression of lipolysis and increased levels of free fatty acids. Therefore, insulin resistance is associated with a cluster of metabolic abnormalities including elevated blood glucose levels, abnormal blood lipid profile (dyslipidemia), hypertension, and increased expression of inflammatory markers (inflammation). Insulin resistance and this cluster of metabolic abnormalities is strongly associated with obesity, predominantly abdominal (visceral) obesity, and physical inactivity and increased risk for type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular and renal disease, as well as some forms of cancer. In addition to obesity, other situations in which insulin resistance occurs includes... 

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