Metabolic diseases diabetes

In addition to the NOD mouse, Entelos has models for several human metabolic diseases (diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome), inflammatory diseases (rheumatoid arthritis), and respiratory diseases (asthma and COPD). 

Steroids hormones in clinical chemistry Immunoassay vs. GC-MS and LC-MS/MS derivatization vs. nonderivatization steroid profiles for newborns, adrenal insufficiency, prostatitis/pelvic pain syndrome, premature adrenarche, sera from smokers, metabolic diseases, diabetes, water contaminant, athletes donine. [3]... 

RNA sequencing] metabolic disease diabetes (1 insulin production insulin resistance)... 

Karlsson F, Tremaroli V, Nielsen J, et al. (2013) Assessing the human gut microbiota in metabolic diseases. Diabetes 62 3341-... 

As described in the previous section, bile acids have evolved over the last years from regulators of bile acid homeostasis to general metabolic integrators. It is therefore not too surprizing that a number of bile acid-activated signaling pathways have become attractive targets for the treatment of gallstones and other metabolic diseases, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and atherosclerosis. 

A knowledge of normal metabohsm is essential for an understanding of abnormalities underlying disease. Normal metabolism includes adaptation to periods of starvation, exercise, pregnancy, and lactation. Abnormal metabolism may result from nutritional deficiency, enzyme deficiency, abnormal secretion of hormones, or the actions of drugs and toxins. An important example of a metabolic disease is diabetes mellitus. 

Adults and children 6 months of age and older who needed regular medical care or were in a hospital during the previous year because of a metabolic disease (such as diabetes), chronic kidney disease, or weakened immune system (including immune system problems caused by medicines or by infection with HIV/AIDS)... 

Hypertension, coronary artery or other atherosclerotic vascular disease, diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome... 

People of any age who have required regular medical follow-up or hospitalization in the prior year because of chronic metabolic diseases, including diabetes, renal dysfunction, hemoglobinopathies, or immunodeficiency, including medication-induced immunosuppression and human immunodeficiency virus. 

Diabetes mellitus is a very common metabolic disease that is caused by absolute or relative insulin deficiency. The lack of this peptide hormone (see p. 76) mainly affects carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Diabetes mellitus occurs in two forms. In type 1 diabetes (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, IDDM), the insulin-forming cells are destroyed in young individuals by an autoimmune reaction. The less severe type 2 diabetes (non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, NIDDM) usually has its first onset in elderly individuals. The causes have not yet been explained in detail in this type. 

In short, the risks for HF are hypertension, atherosclerotic disease, diabetes mellitus, obesity, metabolic syndrome, use of cardiotoxins and a positive family history of cardiomyopathy. 

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by hypergly-caemia and disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism that are associated with absolute or relative deticiencies in insulin action and/or insulin secretion. Although diabetes is an endocrine deficiency or resistance state its major manifestations are those of metabolic disease with wide ranging tissue effects. Insulin resistance does exist in type 2 diabetes, however it is also exists in many individuals without diabetes. It is difficult to accept insulin resistance is the sole determining pathogenic factor in type 2 diabetes. Therefore, it is more appropriate to describe type 2 diabetes as a condition of /3-cell dysfunction in an insulin resistance background. 

Sugar is one of the purest foods made, from natural sources, and has never been known to contain any toxic or harmful components. Intensive investigations by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration resulted in a book in 1986 on the health and safety factors of sugar (cane and beet) in the diet (18). The conclusion was that sugar has no deleterious effect on health in regard to heart disease, diabetes, or other metabolic disorder. 

We have also come to understand that many complex diseases such as diabetes, polycystic ovary syndrome,385 Crohn s disease (inflammatory bowel disease),386 and schizophrenia are in fact multiple diseases. Diabetes is a syndrome that can arise from causes such as defective insulin receptors or defective glucose transporters or from as yet unknown metabolic problems (Chapter 17).387 Many cancers have a... 

Prior to this work, dietary fiber, of which cellulose is one of the more important constituents, was considered important primarily as a means of preventing or overcoming constipation. Otherwise, dietary fiber was considered to be a metabolically inert substance. A large variety of diseases such as appendicitis, hiatus hernia, gallstones, ischemic heart disease, diabetes, obesity, dental caries, and duodenal ulcers are now suspected to be associated with the consumption of a highly refined diet (42). 

Six experts in intensive care or metabolic disease reviewed all case reports of lactic acidosis from 1957 to 1999—37 articles reporting 80 cases (85). To be assessed the reports had to meet strict criteria, including a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, metformin therapy before lactic acidosis, a pH of 7.35 or less, or a plasma bicarbonate concentration below 22 mmol/1 and a lactic acid concentration of at least 5 mmol/1. Because of lack of information, 33 cases were excluded. There were other susceptibility factors for lactic acidosis besides metformin in 46 of 47 cases. Only 13 of the 47 cases were classified as probably due to metformin by at least three experts. The authors suggested a rethink about the relation between lactic acidosis and metformin. However, they still recommended withdrawing therapy in acute renal insufficiency and when contrast dyes are used for radiological investigation. 

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is an example of a metabolic disease under active consideration for inducible gene therapy strategies. In this disorder, inflammatory cytokines have been shown to activate apoptosis in pancreatic beta cells. Experimental studies indicate that expression of insulinlike growth factor-1 (IGF-1) can prevent the cytokine-mediated destruction of beta cells of the pancreas (Giannoukakis et al., 2001). Regulated expression of IGF-1 in human pancreatic islets, to preserve beta cell function, may be a useful approach in the treatment of certain types of diabetes (Demeterco and Levine, 2001). 

A company s business developer needs to be aware of direct and indirect competition as actors and factors in terms of the market as well as in specific product challenges. It may be that the market opportunity can be treated by different modalities such as in the treatment of metabolic diseases like type II diabetes. Modifying someone s diet so that they lose weight can be... 

Depression and Metabolic Syndrome. Abnormal serum albumin levels and lipid profiles have both been observed in patients with major depression, as well as cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and end-stage renal disease. Depressive symptoms are very common in patients with these chronic illnesses. Recent clinical data have shown that cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, end-stage renal disease, and obesity are all related to metabolic syndromes [68-74], and especially insulin resistance [75, 76]. However, the data examining major depression without physical illness and insulin resistance are still scarce. In the future, the biological relationship between depression and physical illness needs to be more fully explored. 

---