Glucose metabolism regulation

Insulin is a peptide hormone, secreted by the pancreas, that regulates glucose metabolism in the body. Insufficient production of insulin or failure of insulin to stimulate target sites in liver, muscle, and adipose tissue leads to the serious metabolic disorder known as diabetes mellitus. Diabetes afflicts millions of people worldwide. Diabetic individuals typically exhibit high levels of glucose in the blood, but insulin injection therapy allows diabetic individuals to maintain normal levels of blood glucose. 

Other d-metals are also vital to health. For example, chromium(III) plays a role in the regulation of glucose metabolism. Copper(I) is an essential nutrient for healthy cells and is the only biologically available Lewis acid with a + 1 charge. 

Regulation of Fatty Acid and Glucose Metabolism in Adipocytes... 

Intracellular carnosine concentration may be subject to metabolic regulation. Destruction of the dipeptide by camosinase is stimulated by citrate (Vistoli et al., 2006), thus raising the possibility that inhibitory molecules could be created to prevent destruction of the dipeptide in sera. Camosine s synthesis by carnosine synthetase is downregulated by raised cAMP levels (Schulz et al., 1989), at least in astrocytes. Thus, high glucose concentrations could lower cAMP levels and hence stimulate carnosine synthesis. 

V. Key Enzymes Regulating Rate-Limiting Steps of Glucose Metabolism... 

Table 6-2. Regulators of enzyme activity in glucose metabolism.

The glucocorticoids induce a number of biological effects (Table 1.14), but their principal actions relate to modulation of glucose metabolism. The mineralocorticoids regulate water and... 

Sharma AM, Staels B. Review peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor y and adipose tissue - understanding obesity-related changes in regulation of lipid and glucose metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007 92 386-95. 

T FIGURE 10-19 Steroids derived from cholesterol. Testosterone, the male sex hormone, is produced in the testes. Estradiol, one of the female sex hormones, is produced in the ovaries and placenta. Cortisol and aldosterone are hormones synthesized in the cortex of the adrenal gland they regulate glucose metabolism and salt excretion, respectively. Prednisolone and prednisone are synthetic steroids used as antiinflammatory agents. 

Chapter 15 Principles of Metabolic Regulation Glucose and Glycogen... 

In this chapter we look at mechanisms of metabolic regulation, using the pathways in which glucose is an intermediate to illustrate some general principles. First we consider the pathways by which glycogen is synthesized and broken down, a very well-studied case of meta-... 

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