Metabolic disorders diabetes

The metabolic disorder diabetes causes a buildup of acetone (CH3COCH3) in the blood of untreated victims. Acetone, a volatile compound, is exhaled, giving the breath of untreated diabetics a distinctive odor. The acetone is produced by a breakdown of fats in a series of reactions. The equation for the last step is... 

In the previous sections, we have discussed examples of inhibitors of nonprotein kinases for the development of novel therapeutics. Due to their important role in sugar metabolism, sugar kinase inhibitors have potential utility for the treatment of cancer, metabolic disorders diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Nucleoside kinase inhibitors are established oncology targets that operate by inhibition of the salvage pathway. Adenosine kinase inhibitors and lipid kinase inhibitors are highly significant in the development of cancer therapeutics. 

Insulin is a peptide hormone, secreted by the pancreas, that regulates glucose metabolism in the body. Insufficient production of insulin or failure of insulin to stimulate target sites in liver, muscle, and adipose tissue leads to the serious metabolic disorder known as diabetes mellitus. Diabetes afflicts millions of people worldwide. Diabetic individuals typically exhibit high levels of glucose in the blood, but insulin injection therapy allows diabetic individuals to maintain normal levels of blood glucose. 

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder where glucose metabolism in the body is impaired. Type 1 diabetes is an early onset disease in which the pancreatic cells lose the function of insulin secretion either by genetic disposition or by a viral attack. Type 2 diabetes is a late onset disease developed due to insufficient insulin secretion or insulin resistance resulting in impaired glucose metabolism. 

O Diabetes mellitus (DM) describes a group of chronic metabolic disorders that are characterized by hyperglycemia and are associated with long-term microvascular, macrovascular, and neuropathic complications. 

Enzymes involved in TG synthesis continue to represent challenging and intriguing targets for small-molecule intervention against the worldwide epidemic of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes, as well as smaller market indications from rare familial diseases to veterinary use. There is also intriguing evidence that inhibition of these enzymes may be beneficial for diseases unrelated to the area of metabolic disorders, such... 

Disorders of the GI tract (e.g., irritable bowel syndrome or diverticulitis), metabolic disorders (e.g., diabetes), or endocrine disorders (e.g., hypothyroidism) may cause constipation. 

These effects are reversible after cessation of therapy. Patients who are at high risk of developing hypertriglyceridemia include those with diabetes, obesity, increased alcohol intake, a lipid metabolism disorder, and a familial history. 

Metabolic disorders Hyperglycemia, glycosuria and diabetes mellitus may be precipitated, osteoporosis. 

Structural relationships suggest that the extended carbohydrate scaffolds obtainable by such tandem aldolizations may be regarded as metabolically stable mimetics of oligosaccharides, in particular of C-glycosides that are hydrolytically stable. The latter class of compounds shares an interest for potential therapeutic applications with the class of so-called aza sugars that have commanded attention in recent years as potent glycoprocessing inhibitors for the treatment of diabetes and other metabolic disorders, as well as for the blocking of viral or microbial infection and metastasis. 

Sugar is one of the purest foods made, from natural sources, and has never been known to contain any toxic or harmful components. Intensive investigations by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration resulted in a book in 1986 on the health and safety factors of sugar (cane and beet) in the diet (18). The conclusion was that sugar has no deleterious effect on health in regard to heart disease, diabetes, or other metabolic disorder. 

Since its isolation in 1921, insulin has been the object of an enormous amount of experimentation aimed at clarifying its mode of action. It is produced by the P cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans and released into the bloodstream in response to elevated glucose levels. Tire absence of insulin or of a normal response to insulin results in the condition of diabetes mellitus, which is the most prevalent human metabolic disorder (see Box 17-G).343... 

Although it is not exactly clear how much these agents can reduce the risk of a major cardiac event (e.g., infarction, stroke), these drugs will probably remain the first choice for people with certain hyper-lipidemias (e.g., increased triglycerides). These drugs are likewise advocated for mixed hyperlipidemias that are common in metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (see Chapter 32).32,141 Certain fibrates can be used with other drugs, such as statins, to provide more comprehensive pharmacologic control of certain lipid disorders.30,147... 

Metabolic disorders are common, especially diabetes mellitus, a disorder of the glucose control. Most serious is type 1 diabetes, where the beta cells are destructed, typically by an autoimmune reaction, so the patient must be given insulin the rest of his/her life. Untreated it can lead to death within some months to a few years. It attacks mainly younger adults or children. The second, called type 2 diabetes, affects older people, typically in their 60s and typically obese. The disease is a combination of a decreased insulin production and an impaired glucose disposal. It evolves slowly and many patients can, at least in the beginning, be controlled with diet and exercise. 

For the first time in history there was clear, unambiguous clinical evidence, in humans, that symptoms of diabetes mellitus could be controlled with the exogenous administration of the active factor of the pancreas—insulin. Thus, replacement therapy with the newly discovered hormone, insulin, had arrested what was clearly an otherwise fatal metabolic disorder. From that point forward, diabetes mellitus (type 1) became a manageable disease by pharmacological intervention. 

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