Materials and equipment requirements

The five main requirements for conduct of a sessile drop experiment relevant to high temperature capillary phenomena are characterisation of the materials, a flat horizontal substrate, a test chamber to provide a controlled and generally inert gaseous environment, a facility that heats the sample to a predetermined temperature and a means of measuring the geometry and size of the sessile drop. Satisfying these requirements demands careful and precise experimental procedures. 

Thorough characterisation of the materials used is essential if the experimental results are to be reproducible and usable by other workers. The prime requirement is a clear specification of their compositions, with particular attention being paid to surface and interface active components that will change the energies and hence the contact angle of the system as defined by the Young equation. 

Some form of mechanical pumping will be required to purge or evacuate and back fill the test chamber and care must be taken to minimise transmission of vibration to the sample. Vibration that causes movement of the sessile drop over its substrate is unacceptable and generally any vibration that can be felt by placing a hand on the test chamber should be avoided. 

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The major effort for the Pine Bluff Arsenal development work was concentrated on the filling system with other work stations receiving as much attention as time and funding allowed. The facility is listed as WP Line No. 3, Building 34-110, at Pine Bluff Arsenal. A partial listing of major material and equipment requirements and components for the facility is as follows ... 

The process of smoothing out labor, material and equipment requirements to facilitate resource allocation. The project manager accomplishes this by rescheduling noncritical activities so that the total resource requirements for a particular day match the average daily resource requirements. 

Construction methods, i.e., equipment and related working methods, must meet the planning of the project, its specifications and the lines and levels set out in the contract. Equipment comprises dredging plant, means of transport of the dredged materials and equipment required at the fill area itself. 

Economic Considerations. The principal economic consideration is, of course, total installed system cost, including the initial cost of the flow primary, flow secondary, and related ancillary equipment as well as material and labor required for installation. Other typical considerations are operating costs and the requirements for scheduled maintenance. An economic factor of increasing importance is the cost of disposal at the end of normal flow meter service life. This may involve meter decontamination if hazardous fluids have been measured. 

Potential for Plugging the Containment Sump When Recirculation Is Needed transient material and equipment are brought into containment during shutdown. This could increase the potential for plugging the containment sump if an accident requiring recirculation from the containment sump occurs,... 

As we shall see, very often it is not a lack of sophisticated training that results in accidents hut ignorance of the basic requirements of the job or the basic properties of the materials and equipment handled. 

Unique problems were encountered in drilling wells in the Salton Sea field. The hot salt solution in the reservoir adversely affected drilling fluids and equipment, requiring the use of specially formulated drilling muds and cements developed by chemists and of special steels recommended by corrosion and materials engineers. 

Establish procedures requiring that materials and equipment be placed in or returned to their designated areas... 

Small areas Small puddles of liquid can be contained by covering with absorbent material such as vermiculite, diatomaceous earth, clay, sponges, or towels. Place the absorbed material into containers lined with high-density polyethylene. Larger puddles can be collected using vacuum equipment made of materials inert to the released material and equipped with appropriate vapor filters. Wash the area with copious amounts of an alkaline soap/detergent and water. Collect and containerize the rinseate. Removal of porous material, including painted surfaces, may be required because these materials may be difficult to decontaminate. Ventilate the area to remove vapors. 

The design, initial installation, method, and date of previous testing, Location Classes, materials, and equipment shall be reviewed to determine that the proposed increase is safe and consistent with the requirements of this Code. 

By design, local containment systems hold the spilled or released material within the process structure or area. Hence, the structure, equipment, vessels, and piping will be exposed to any fire resulting from the contained material and will require fire protection. 

As closure progresses and dismantling of the facility advances, the workforce will be required to handle increasingly heavy materials and equipment. This equipment will include all possibly agent-contaminated machinery, metal ducts, and piping, as well as bulk materials such as concrete. Consequently, some risks to workers may be encountered more frequently during the dismantling and demolition associated with facility closure ... 

Facilities and Equipment The technical experts who have an understanding of pharmaceutical science, risk factors, and manufacturing processes related to the product are responsible for defining specific facility and equipment requirements. The equipment must be qualified, calibrated, cleaned, and maintained to prevent contamination and product mix-ups. It is important to remember that the GMPs place as much emphasis on process equipment as on testing equipment while most quality systems focus only on testing equipment. Control Outsourced Operations Quality systems call for contracts with outside suppliers that clearly describe the materials or service, quality specification responsibilities, and communication mechanisms. 

There should be a clear distinction between in-process controls and validation. In-process tests are performed during the manufacture of each batch using specifications and methods devised during the development phase. The aim is to monitor the process continuously and not exactly validate it. When a new manufacturing formula or method is adopted, steps should be taken to demonstrate its suitability for routine processing prior to the validation. The defined process using the materials and equipment specified should be shown to yield a product consistently of the required quahty. 

The quality-related material requisitions are raised with material specification, describing code number, and subjective and quantitative details. Purchasing information describes the product to be purchased, including, where appropriate, requirements for approval of product, procedures, processes and equipment, requirements for qualification of personnel, and quality management system requirements. 

Materials and Supplies. A complete list of all materials, supplies, and equipment required for the experiment is provided. An Instructor s Manual describing the preparation of all reagents and solutions and advice on how to set up a biochemistry laboratory is available from the publisher. 

In addition to Federal Government (U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, U. S. Army, Bureau of Mines, Bureau of Standards, etc.) requirements, several companies, including the American Novawood Corp., American Nuclear Corp., Gamma Process Co., General Electric Co., Lockheed Aircraft Corp., Nuclear Materials and Equipment Corp., Picker X-Ray Corp., and U. S. Nuclear Corp., and the Japanese and Canadian governments have... 

When any new manufacturing formula or method of preparation is adopted, steps should be taken to demonstrate its suitability for routine processing. The defined process, using the materials and equipment specified, should be shown to yield a product consistently of the required quality. 

Consider general ways in which the design criteria can be achieved, specification of other types of equipment, manufacturer s data, economic considerations, materials and fabrication requirements for the design, etc. 

Definitive estimates. Definitive cost estimates are the most time-consuming and difficult to prepare, but they are also the most accurate. These estimates require preparation of plot plans, detailed flow sheets, and preliminary construction drawings. Scale models are sometimes used. All material and equipment is listed and priced. The number of labor hours for each construction activity is estimated. Indirect field costs, such as crane rentals, costs of tools, and supervision, are also estimated. This type of estimate usually results in an accuracy of 5%. 

Information contained and condensed in this book has been collected from many sources. Included is the extensive information assembled from worldwide personal experience, industrial, and teaching experiences of the two authors totaling over a century. Use was also made of worldwide information from industry (personal contacts, material and equipment suppliers, conferences, books, articles, etc.) and major trade associations. For someone to collect this information would require the person having familiarity in the many facets involved in the plastic industry worldwide. 

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