Equipment and Materials

Carbon nanotubes (single-wall and multiwall) were purchased from Helix Material (Richardson, Texas), Carbolex (Broomall, PA), and Carbon Nanotechnologies Incorporation (CNI, Houston, Texas, now Unidym Inc). The carbon nanombes were used as received without any further purification or functionalization. Therefore, there are some impurities such as carbon black and metal in the samples. 

The acid number (AN) per ASTM D664 was determined for the oil-based fluids (polyalphaolefin and polyol ester). The relative amounts of acidic constituents present in products can be determined by titrating with bases. The acid number is a measure of the amount of acidic substance. (The acid number, n, is the quantity of base expressed in milligrams of potassium hydroxide per gram of sample required to titrate a sample to a specified end point). This test is considered to be a comparison test for the purpose of identifying chemical activity that may have occurred due to the addition of nanomaterials. 

Viscosity of the oil-based fluids was determined at different temperatures per ASTM D445 by a Brookfield LV viscometer. Usually temperatures of 40 °C and 100 °C are chosen as the range to indicate the change of viscosity. 

Pour point, the lowest temperature at which movement of the test specimen is observed under prescribed conditions of test, was determined per ASTM D97 for the polyalphaole-phin-based nanogreases. Pour point as used here is an indicator of potential physical change. 

Lubricating greases [24] consist of lubricating oil in which a thickener is dispersed as a microscopic second phase. One of the more important physical aspects of the greases is the stability of the grease structure as provided by the oil thickener interaction. Two tests that 

Partitioning (capture) of active catalyst-product complexes 

Electrophoresis apparatus (1.5 mm x 16 cm x 14 cm) Silica DNA purification column (QIAquick, Qiagen) 

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Certain commercial materials and equipment may be identified in the article for adequate definition of subject matter. In no instance does such identification imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, or that the material or equipment is necessarily the best available for the purpose. 

Only use materials and equipment whieh are suitable for oxygen serviee and to a reeognized standard. 

This section describes the major industrial processes within the petroleum refining industry, ineluding the materials and equipment used, and the processes employed. The section is necessary for an understanding of the interrelationships between the industrial processes, the types of air emissions, and control and pollution prevention approaehes. Deseriptions of eommonly used production processes, assoeiated raw materials, by-produets produeed are first deseribed. Petroleum refining is the physieal, thermal, and chemical separation of erude oil into its major distillation fraetions, which are then further proeessed through a series of separation and eonversion steps into finished petroleum produets. The primary products of the industry fall into three major categories ... 

Potential for Plugging the Containment Sump When Recirculation Is Needed transient material and equipment are brought into containment during shutdown. This could increase the potential for plugging the containment sump if an accident requiring recirculation from the containment sump occurs,... 

The emissions of gases and vapors (and particles) from surfaces (both building materials and equipment) are easy to define in theory but can be very difficult to quantify in practice. There are many contaminants that can be gen erated, which makes it necessary to define the levels for a few, which are to be cho.sen from data from suppliers or from contaminants known to be generated by used materials. ... 

Transport and delivery of materials and equipment Inspection of equipment entering the site Storage of equipment awaiting installation Storage of spares and consumables Installation of equipment Commissioning tests Acceptance tests... 

As we shall see, very often it is not a lack of sophisticated training that results in accidents hut ignorance of the basic requirements of the job or the basic properties of the materials and equipment handled. 

Note that a common factor in incidents 8.1.1 through 8.1.3 was a failure by those concerned to understand the properties of the materials and equipment. 

This element addresses the quality (adherence to ESH/PSM standards and specifications) of purchased materials and equipment, in-process inspections, and final product verification. Methodologies, frequencies, and sample size or scope of inspections are all expected to be specified. 

This element describes systems used to identify and address nonconforming materials or products. For ESH/PSM, this might refer to not meeting relevant standards or specifications for materials and equipment or to audit findings of noncompliance. 

The subject of plastic materials and equipment variables are important to understand so products can be properly designed and processed. Details on MATERIAL... 

With the passing of time and looking ahead these material and equipment variabilities continually are reduced due to improvement in their manufacturing and process control... 

COMPLETION OF WORK The work has been completed and all persons under my supervision, materials and equipment withdrawn Signed Date Time... 

Many failures in pharmaceutical processing have arisen because of the inability of those responsible for its design to be aware of the distribution and survival potential of microorganisms in the environment and in the raw materials and equipment used in a pharmaceutical factory. 

Figure 6.1 is presented as an attempt to show the interrelationships between the process metrics categories shown in Table 6.1. Materials (chemicals, solvents, reagents, etc.) choices will directly affect the choice of unit operations and the combination of materials and equipment will directly impact the operability of the process. Materials, equipment and operability all have EHS impacts and opportunities associated with them and ultimately impact product and product quality. 

Methods submitted include single- and multi-analyte methods for parent compounds and for degradates of concern. Pesticide regulatory methods are needed for each type of environmental matrix fate methods may be designed for soil, water, plant tissue, animal tissue or air, but are predominantly for soil and water. Analytical methods need to include a complete description of the procedure, materials and equipment in order to be completely reproducible. The methods should be practical and rapid and, to the extent possible while maintaining other quality objectives, inexpensive (often State and local regulatory agencies with few available resources need to utilize them). 

Washing tests for these trials were made in a flood-type washer with one wash and one rinse chamber. The results presented in Tables III and IV suggest that parathion residues (from wettable powders) are not readily removed with the materials and equipment employed support is thus secured for the authors contention that with many substrates parathion residues are actually subsurface and exist in situ in close association with the oily and waxy constituents of the plants. 

Establish procedures requiring that materials and equipment be placed in or returned to their designated areas... 

Items Included in the Capital Estimate (Costs of Necessary Labor, Materials, and Equipment)... 

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