Quadrupole mass spectrometry

In recent years the application of electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry, quadrupole time-of-flight (QqTOF) mass spectrometry, and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) are used for further structural characterization of DOM (Kujawinski et al., 2002 Kim et al., 2003 Stenson et al., 2003 Koch et al., 2005 Tremblay et al., 2007 Reemtsma et al., 2008). MS/MS capabilities provide the screening for selected ions, and FT-ICR allows exact molecular formula determination for selected peaks. In addition, SEC can be coupled to ESI and FTICR-MS to study different DOM fractions. Homologous series of structures can be revealed, and many pairs of peaks differ by the exact masses of -H2, -O, or -CH2. Several thousand molecular formulas in the mass range of up to more than 600 Da can be identified and reproduced in element ratio plots (O/C versus H/C plots). Limitations of ESI used by SEC-MS are shown by These and Reemtsma (2003). 

Yost, R. A. Boyd, R. K. 1990. Tandem mass spectrometry quadrupole and hybrid instruments. Methods Enzymol., 193,154-200. 

Positive Ion Chemical Ionization Photo-Induced Dissociation Post-Source Decay Pyrolysis Mass Spectrometry Quadrupole device used in RF-only mode Quadrupole... 

Munson and Field reported in 1966 on a technique of ionizing molecules by gas phase ion-molecule reactions, which they called chemical ionization (Cl). In this way, break-up of the molecules can be greatly reduced or even avoided. Thus, measured ion currents can be correlated with the densities of the respective parent neutral compounds, allowing for on-line monitoring of rather complex gas mixtures. The fundamental principles of gas phase ion chemistry on which Cl is based, as well as the instrumentation for Cl, have been reviewed in great detail by Harrison." The wide variety of Cl methods that has been developed includes Medium Pressure Mass Spectrometry, Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry, Quadrupole Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry, Pulsed Positive Ion-Negative Ion Chemical Ionization, and Atmospheric Pressure Ionization Mass Spectrometry (API-MS). Of these, API-MS has developed into a very reliable and widely used technique for analysis of VOCs in flavor release studies and human breath. A variety of API-MS applications in these fields of research has been described in a recent volume by Roberts and Taylor. ... 

Fig. 3.9. Triple quadrupole configuration for tandem mass spectrometry. Quadrupole serves as a mass filter and delivers one ion to the middle quadrupole which is the fragmentation chamber and is operated in radio frequency mode only to store and transmit ions formed in fragmentation step. Mass analysis of product ions then occurs in quadrupole Qy...

Volume rv is entitled Theory and Instrumentation and is composed of six parts Fundamentals, New Ion Trapping Techniques, Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry, Quadrupole Rod Sets, 3D-Quadrupole Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry, and Photochemistry of Trapped Ions. 

FIA-FLD flow injection analysis with fluorescence detection, GC gas chromatography, MS mass spectrometry (quadrupole mass filter), BCD electron capture detector, FID flame ionisation detector, LOD limit of detection, HPLC high performance liquid chromatography, TIMS ion trap mass spectrometry... 

It is a logical step to analyse the volatiles evolved during a TGA or STA experiment. The two techniques currently generating most interest are those of mass spectrometry (quadrupole resolution sufficient) and FTIR (one wave-number resolution sufficient). The volatiles are swept by an inert purge... 

See also Fragmentation in Mass Spectrometry Ion Molecule Reactions in Mass Spectrometry Ion Structures in Mass Spectrometry Ionization Theory Laser Applications in Electronic Spectroscopy Metastable Ions Plasma Desorption Ionization in Mass Spectrometry Quadrupoles, Use of in Mass Spectrometry. 

See also Atmospheric Pressure Ionization in Mass Spectrometry Biochemical Applications of Mass Spectrometry Chemical Ionization in Mass Spectrometry Chemical Structure Information from Mass Spectrometry Fast Atom Bombardment Ionization in Mass Spectrometry Forensic Science, Applications of Mass Spectrometry Hyphenated Techniques, Applications of in Mass Spectrometry Ion Molecule Reactions in Mass Spectrometry Ion Trap Mass Spectrometers Isotopic Labelling in Mass Spectrometry Medical Applications of Mass Spectrometry MS-MS and MS" Peptides and Proteins Studied Using Mass Spectrometry Quadrupoles, Use of in Mass Spectrometry Sector Mass Spectrometers Thermospray Ionization in Mass Spectrometry Time of Flight Mass Spectrometers. 

Methods Isotope Ratio Studies Using Mass Spectrometry Quadrupoles, Use of in Mass Spectrometry ... 

Dawson P H 1976 Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry and its Applications (Amsterdam Elsevier)... 

Marsh R E and Hughes R J 1989 Quadrupole Storage Mass Spectrometry (New York Wiley-Intersolenoe)... 

Son M, Frankevich V, Nappi M, Santini R E, Amy J W and Cooks R G 1996 Broad-band Fourier transform quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry Anal. Chem. 68 3341 -20... 

Note that in mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (MS/MS) applications, quadrupole and magnetic sectors can be used together advantageously. It is also worth noting that the quadrapole can be operated without the DC voltages. In this RF-only mode, no mass separation occurs, and these quadrapoles are used as ion transmission guides, described in Chapter 49. 

Chapter 33 Linked Scanning and Metastable Ions in Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry... 

Py/GC/MS. pyrolysis, gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry used as a combined technique Py/MS. pyrolysis and mass spectrometry used as a combined technique oa-TOF. orthogonally accelerated time of flight Q. quadrupole field or instrument... 

Dawson, P.H., Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1976. 

R. E. March and R. J. Hughes, Quadrupole Storage Mass Spectrometry, ](Am. Wiley Sons, Inc., New York, 1989. 

Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is a method for obtaining sequence and structural information by measurement of the mass-to-charge ratios of ionized molecules before and after dissociation reactions within a mass spectrometer which consists essentially of two mass spectrometers in tandem. In the first step, precursor ions are selected for further fragmentation by energy impact and interaction with a collision gas. The generated product ions can be analyzed by a second scan step. MS/MS measurements of peptides can be performed using electrospray or matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization in combination with triple quadruple, ion trap, quadrupole-TOF (time-of-flight), TOF-TOF or ion cyclotron resonance MS. Tandem... 

The control of materials purity and of environmental conditions requires to implement physico-chemical analysis tools like ESC A, RBS, AUGER, SEM, XTM, SIMS or others. The principle of SIMS (Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy) is shown in Eig. 31 an ion gun projects common ions (like 0+, Ar+, Cs+, Ga+,. ..) onto the sample to analyze. In the same time a flood gun projects an electron beam on the sample to neutralize the clusters. The sample surface ejects electrons, which are detected with a scintillator, and secondary ions which are detected by mass spectrometry with a magnetic quadrupole. 

Martinez Bueno MJM, Agiiera A, Gomez MJ, Hernando MD, Garcia JE, Fernandez-Alba AR (2007) Application of liquid chromatography/quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometry and time-of-flight mass spectrometry to the determination of pharmaceuticals and related contaminants in wastewaters. Anal Chem 79 9372-9384... 

Q-ToF-LC-MS-MS quadrupole time-of-flight mass analyser in combination with (high performance) liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry... 

Figure 5.40 Product-ion spectrum of the (M + H)+ ion (m/z 614) of Indinavir with the proposed origins of the ions observed. Reprinted by permission of Elsevier Science from Identification of in vitro metabolites of Indinavir by Intelligent Automated LC-MS/MS (INTAMS) utilizing triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry , by Yu, X., Cui, D. and Davis, M. R., Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry, Vol. 10, pp. 175-183, Copyright 1999 by the American Society for Mass Spectrometry.

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