Simple comparisons

In order to have a thorough understanding of the molecular formation and subsequent recognition one may have to penetrate one s insight deep into the veiy minute prevailing differences in the ensuing drug molecules . In fact, such simple comparisons may be achieved in two ways, namely  

Generally, the simple comparisons take action about properties that are independent of a reference frame. 

If two different machines (a and P) are under consideration, the most attractive one to purchase may be decided on the basis of minimum annual cost. The following example will illustrate the principles involved. 

The two machines have different values of initial cost and different values of aimual cost (yearly operating and maintenance costs) as indicated in Table 13.1. If each machine has an expected life of 8 years with zero salvage value and the expected rate of return (/) is 10%, then the annual cost associated with the investment (i ) will be as indicated in Table 13.1 as computed from Eq. (13.5). The total annual cost (investment plus operating cost) is seen to be least for machine P, which is the most attractive one to purchase provided all items of importance have been considered. 

If machine a has a salvage value of 2,000 while machine P still has no salvage value, the calculation of/ for machine a must be changed. The capital recovery factor (0.188) should be applied to only the part of the initial investment that will not be recovered ( 12,000 - 2,000 = 10,000) while only the interest need be paid each year on the 2,000 that is recovered at the end in salvage. Thus, the item 2,250 that appears in the a column should be replaced by [(0.188)(10,000) + 0.1(2,000) = 2,080] and the total becomes 4,430. Machine a now represents a more attractive purchase than machine p. 

The foregoing calculation can be extended to cases where the expected life is different for each case, or the minimum expected return (/) differs (different risk or variation in / with amount of capital required). Comparisons may also involve more than two alternatives. However, these are merely extensions of the simple cases already considered. 

Often the best alternative is the one requiring the lowest capital investment. It is also often best to build the largest facility the present market will absorb, and even somewhat larger if there is strong evidence for growth. However, such estimates are risky and should take the possibility of the emergence of new technology into account. 

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A second type of CRGT plant involving modification of the fuel before combustion (Cycle B3) is shown in Fig. 8.14. Now some part of the exhaust from the turbine (which contains water vapour) is recirculated to the reformer where the fuel is modified. Thus this FG/TCR cycle has an element of the semi-closed cycle plus modification of the combustion process. The chemical process involved in this cycle has been described in Section 8.5.4, but there is now no simple comparison that can be made between the FG/ TCR cycle and the basic STIG cycle, as de.scribed in Section 8.6.2.1. 

The predicates themselves must be easy to evaluate. Thus, we will restrict ourselves to simple comparison predicates, (<,<,+,>,>), and predicates that extract properties from alphabet symbols and DDPs. 

The result allows clear rejection of the 267°C value and possibly allows retention of either the estimated 280-282 value or the 284-287°C experimental interval. In any case, to go further, it will be seen the < 0.013 value is the only one in line with the method shown. The 15(50) pressure value is obviously unrealistic as simple comparison with the boiling point under 10 mmHg (ie under 13.3 mbar) pressure demonstrates. 

There are very few reported studies outlining the use of homology modelling in protein kinases. Panigrahi and Desiraju [117] performed a simple comparison of a model of the EGFR kinase domain to an experimental... 

IPVE in benzene. Figure 2 shows that the dependence of R on m near raB is too ill-defined to make a calculation of kpl W possible. However, a simple comparison of the rates RB at m = mB gives B(IPVE)/RB(EVE) = 1600/55 30. 

Bunz et al. explored the possibility of doping PPE chains covalently with small amounts of fluorescence-quenching cyclobutadiene complexes, in order to endow their optical properties to the base polymer, PPE [80]. Due to their extensive experience of cyclobutadiene complexes in polymer synthesis [81], the authors prepared several polymers PAE-CoCpl-5 (Table 4) containing different contents of CoCp complexes. The quantum yields were determined by simple comparison of the intensities of the emitted light to that of a standard... 

One way to investigate the stability of benzene is to compcire the cimount of heat produced by the reactions of benzene to similar compounds that are not aromatic. For example, a simple comparison of the heat of hydrogenation for a series of related compounds allows us to see the difference. Figure 6-6 shows the hydrogenation of cyclohexane, 1,3-cyclohexadiene, and benzene, which make a suitable set because all three yield cyclohexane. 

If there were ever a simple comparison of enthalpies of formation to be investigated as part of this chapter it would be the oximes of the aliphatic aldoximes, RCH=NOH, as R proceeds through Me, Et, n-Pr,. Ideally, we would have the values for at least R = Me and Et and then employ the universal methylene increment to derive the remaining values by addition of —20.6 kJmoR for gaseous species and a related ca —26.0 kJ moR for... 

These facts can be explained by a simple comparison of the stretched conformations of poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) and poly(m-phenylene iso-phthalamide). Whereas the all-para linked polyamide can build up many hydrogen bonds to the neighboring molecules, this is less possible for the all-wcta linked polymer ... 

The selectivity of a method is a measure of how capable it is of measuring the analyte alone in the presence of other compounds contained in the sample. The most selective analytical methods involve a chromatographic separation. Detection methods can be ranked according to their selectivity. A simple comparison is... 

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