Marine pollution, state

Transportation of carbon disulfide is controlled by federal regulations (113). Acceptable shipping containers include dmms, tank tmcks, special portable tanks, and rail tank cars. Barges have been used in the past. The United States Department of Transportation classifies carbon disulfide as a flammable bquid and a poison. For ship transport, carbon disulfide must be marked as a marine pollutant (114). AH air transport, cargo, or passenger, is forbidden (115). 

Sengupta R, Fondekar S, Alagarsamy R. 1993. State of Oil Pollution in the Northern Arabian Sea after the 1991 Gulf Oil Spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin 27 85-91. 

Pollution from petroleum compounds has been a major concern since the mid-1960s. In 1967 the first major accident involving an oil tanker occurred. The Torrey Canyon ran onto rocks in the English Channel, spilling oil that washed onto the shores of England and France. It is estimated that at least 10,000 serious oil spills occur in the United States each year. In addition, flushing of oil tankers plays a major role in marine pollution. Other sources, such as improper disposal of used oil by private car owners and small garages, further contribute to oil pollution. 

Looking at the present state of marine pollution remote sensing it was outlined that basic and advanced sensors are available for an effective airborne surveillance. While the basic sensors (SLAR, IR/UV) are currently installed in nearly every platform, the advanced sensors (LFS, MWR) are only present at a few, dedicated aircraft. However this is likely to change, since several nations are at the step of defining new sensor systems in the next years. Within these system upgrades, FLIR thermal imagers with a laser illuminator will be prominent, since they offer... 

GESAMP Group of Experts on Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution (1990) The State of the Marine Environment. Nairobi, Kenya United Nations Environment Programme. 

This chapter is a brief overview of current topics in marine pollution and is intended as an introduction to the field. It is not an exhaustive review and chemical, toxicological, and ecological methods are not discussed, as these are available from many monographs or manuals (see for example [1,2]). References are selected primarily to introduce sources of information, to illustrate the topics of marine pollution, current state of the knowledge, and to provide some predictions of future developments. A somewhat less chemically-oriented review has been published recently [3]. 

The Canada/U.S. Joint Marine Pollution Contingency Plan is the basis for aU contingency planning and emergency response activities along the maritime boundaries of the United States and Ctmada and includes the following areas the Atlantic Coast, the Pacific Coast, the Beaufort Sea, the Dixon Entrance of the Pacific Coast, and the Great Lakes. 

A functional national system is a prerequisite for organizing effective response to accidental marine pollution, and it also forms the basis for efficient regional cooperation. Some of the needs of the coastal states surpass the assistance that can be provided for by the core budget of REMPEC. To satisfy these needs, the Centre has prepared projects based on specific requests of the countries, which are then submitted to external funding sources, in particular those available from the European Union. The projects mainly focus on capacity building at the port, national, and subregional levels. 

Future efforts dedicated to preventing marine pollution from ships will lessen the frequency and impact of marine emergencies. Future success in prevention, preparedness, and response is linked to a coordinated approach supported by technical and adininistrative means together with the continual commitment of states that wUl implement the measures they themselves adopt. Indeed, this may mean large financial investments for certain coastal states, but if innovative ways are sought to obtain the necessary finances to assist in implementing these measures, this may alleviate part of the burden. 

Transport Canada. 1974. Joint Canada/United States Marine Pollution Contingency Plan for Spills of Oil and Other Noxious Substances, Transport Canada/Canadian Coast Guard. 

Problems are, therefore, particularly liable to occur where effluents are not rapidly dispersed in the open sea, such as shallow coastal waters, firths, estuaries, fyords with narrow outlets and inland seas. Marine pollution in such areas has been intensively studied in recent years and effects on life in the shallow waters of the North Sea, of the discharge of sewage and industrial effluents from the huge population of Northern Europe have been discussed by Cole [389]. The situation is also serious in the Baltic, Mediterranean and Black Sea, which are enclosed areas of water with narrow entrances, where the volume of water is small in relation to the possible burden of pollution. The mean residence time for water in the Baltic has been stated to be 21 years [148] and in such an isolated body of water there is a likelihood of progressive build-up of metal concentrations. 

Toxicological and environmental questions are discussed in [379]. The short-chain grades have been classified by the European producers as dangerous for the environment , and by IMO as Severe Marine Pollutant and are therefore placed in UN class 9 for road/rail transport in Europe. Short-chain chlorinated paraffins were found to be carcinogenic for rodents, therefore they are classified in some countries (United States,... 

Figure 7.3. Points of observations of oil slicks and other floating pollutants in the Indian Ocean. Reprinted with permission from Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 12, RS. Gupta and T.W. Kureishy, Present state of oil pollution in the northern Indian Ocean. 1981, Pergamon Press, Ltd.

Boesch, D. F. Burroughs, R. H. Baker, J. E. Mason, R. P. Rowe, C.L. Siefert, R. L. Marine Pollution in the United States Significant Accomplishments, Future Challenges, Pew Oceans Commission Washington, DC, 2001. 

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