Marine fiber

Marine fibers scmetimes find h fishes to be a minor nuisance because th swim into deep-set nets and eat seme of the catch. They are extremely messy and unpleasant to remove from nets, because cf the copious, thick, sticky slime that covers their body. 

The extent of extraneous deposits on the Marine specimens varies widely. Some areas are almost completely free of deposits, others have moderate amounts of deposits, and some areas are so heavily covered diat die fiber surface itself is not visible. Of die Marine Silks, 29049 and 33707 have die most deposits, and 29054 has fewer deposits. In comparison with the Historic Silks however, all Marine Silks have more deposits. These deposits appear very different from those observed on the Historic Silks. The first is a continuous pastelike deposit with small beaded structures less than 0.5 pm in diameter on its surface (Figure 5). These deposits are similar to those reported by Chen and Jakes 10) and Jakes and Wang (7) on cellulosic fibers from the SS Central America. Second, discrete cube shaped particles of varying size up to 1.5 pm in diameter that appear crystalline (Figure 6). Similar particles were found on cotton fibers from the same site 10). Third, irregular shaped discrete particles approximately 2 to 2.5 pm in diameter were observed occasionally. Table II summarizes the elemental composition of the cube shaped discrete deposits, irregular shaped deposits, and continuous pastelike encrustations observed on the marine fibers. 

All peaks identified in the standard peak picking technique were also identified with the second derivative method but the latter identified some additional peaks. Figures 8a, 8b, and 8c show the second derivative spectra of the Marine specimens in comparison to the Reference Silk spectra. Table III summarizes the results of both the standard and the second derivative peak picking methods for the silk fibers. All peaks were consistently present in all three groups of spectra, and peak positions in the spectra of the Historic and Marine fibers varied from the peak positions in the Reference fibers over a 10 cm wavenumber range. The difference in peak parameters between the spectra... 

Advanced composites and fiber-reinforced materials are used in sailcloth, speedboat, and other types of boat components, and leisure and commercial fishing gear. A ram id and polyethylene fibers are currentiy used in conveyer belts to collect valuable offshore minerals such as cobalt, uranium, and manganese. Constmction of oil-adsorbing fences made of high performance fabrics is being evaluated in Japan as well as the constmction of other pollution control textile materials for maritime use. For most marine uses, the textile materials must be resistant to biodeterioration and to a variety of aqueous pollutants and environmental conditions. 

Includes fibers, marine flotation, film, and textiles. 

Further reduction in the price of carbon fibers may enable penetration into the automotive market. A primary carbon fiber producer has armounced that prices will drop to 700 yen/kg ( 6.80/lb) by 1995 (73) and that cooperative development efforts with a main Japanese automobile producer are underway. Development for use in constmction, such as cement and cable reinforcement, and marine apphcations will result in sustained growth volume through the eady twenty-first century. 

The resins have wide appHcation. In nonreinforced form they serve as insulating coatings for electrical coils (46—47). As fiber reinforced resins, they can be made by reaction injection mol ding into laminates, castings, and coatings (48—49). Fiber-reinforced resins are used in marine appHcations (recreational boats) automotive parts (50) bathroom countertops and shower stalls and tubs and more recendy as baUistic protection for military vehicles and aircraft. 

Maleic anhydride is important as a chemical hecause it polymerizes with other monomers while retaining the double bond, as in unsaturated polyester resins. These resins, which represent the largest end use of maleic anhydride, are employed primarily in fiber-reinforced plastics for the construction, marine, and transportation industries. Maleic anhydride can also modify drying oils such as linseed and sunflower. 

Polyurethane, thermoset TSUs have du-rometers range from soft cushion to glass hard with superior wear resistance. Use includes skateboard wheels, solid tires, floor coatings, marine finishes, etc. A major use for soft-foam is automotive bumpers another is upholstery. Property improvements are made with different added fibers and fillers in... 

About 8,000 metric tons of peroxides were consumed in 1972. This consumption was strongly stimulated by the rapid growth in reinforced plastics (Ref 23). The largest volume product is benzoyl peroxide which is used in polystyrene and polyester markets for such items as toys, automobiles, furniture, marine, transportation and mil requirements. Also, methyl ethyl ketone peroxide is used in large volumes to cure (as a catalyst) styrene-unsatur-ated polyester adhesive resins used in mil ammo adhesive applications, as well as in glass fiber reinforced plastic products such as boats, shower stalls, tub components, automobile bodies, sports equipment, etc. The monoperesters are growing slowly because of some substitution of the peroxydicarbonates and azo compds (Refs 8,9 23)... 

Palytoxin (PTX) is one of the most potent marine toxins known and the lethal dose (LD q) of the toxin in mice is 0.5 Mg/kg when injected i.v. The molecular structure of the toxin has been determined fully (1,2). PTX causes contractions in smooth muscle (i) and has a positive inotropic action in cardiac muscle (4-6). PTX also induces membrane depolarization in intestinal smooth (i), skeletal (4), and heart muscles (5-7), myelinated fibers (8), spinal cord (9), and squid axons (10). PTX has been demonstrated to cause NE release from adrenergic neurons (11,12). Biochemical studies have indicated that PTX causes a release of K from erythrocytes, which is followed by hemolysis (13-15). The PTX-induced release of K from erythrocytes is depress by ouabain and that the binding of ouabain to the membrane fragments is inhibited by PTX (15). 

Carbon dioxide is another clinically important analyte, but also of highest interest in marine sciences and in context with the greenhouse effect. While sensable , in principle, by IR absorptiometry, this is difficult in case of fluid samples. An indicator-based fiber optic device for CO2 was described... 

Marine applications, high performance fibers in, 13 395 Marine biofouling, 7 151-152 Marine borers, effect on wood, 26 353 Marine coatings, 7 144 7 192-206 10 442-444... 

Scorch resistance, in vulcanization, 22 811 Scorch time, in vulcanization, 22 803 SCORE cleaning system, 24 22 Scotch-Marine boiler, 22 319 Scouring, 9 171, 183, 189, 192, 197 of fibers, 22 180 in wool processing, 26 384-385 Scoville Heat test, 23 159 Scrap... 

Xylan occurs in practically all land plants and is said to be present in some marine algae.6 In both wide botanical distribution and abundance in nature it closely follows cellulose and starch. It is most abundant in annual crops, particularly in agricultural residues such as corn cobs, corn stalks, grain hulls and stems. Here it occurs in amounts ranging from 15 to 30%. Hard woods contain 20 to 25% xylan while soft woods contain 7 to 12 %. Spring wood has more pentosan than summer wood. 7 Low strength vegetable fibers of commerce such as jute, sisal, Manila... 

Consumption of unsaturated polyesters in the marine industry consists of broad usage for hulls, decks and numerous small parts such as hatch and engine covers. Hulls and decks are generally produced with unsaturated polyester resins and multiple layers of fiberglass cloth knits and chopped fibers. Most marine applications require the use of unsaturated polyester resin gel coats for exterior appearance and for protection from the elements. 

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