Manures, chemical

Use of human excrement, animal manure, inorganic fertilizer and biosolids Human excrement and animal manure Chemical fertilizers Biosolids Nitrate levels Intensive animal practices Use of pesticides... 

The suggestion frequentiy is made that substitution of organic fertilizers, namely manures and composts, for chemical fertilizers would be of ecological benefit. The reaUty is, however, that the supply and logistics of such materials could never be adequate for the present-day level of agriculture. Furthermore, iatensive appHcation of such materials to the soil would itself present ecological problems, such as mn-off pollution and steady buildup of toxic heavy metals. 

The chemical characteristics of biomass vary over a broad range because of the many different types of species. Table 8 compares the typical analyses and energy contents of land- and water-based biomass, ie, wood, grass, kelp, and water hyacinth, and waste biomass, ie, manure, urban refuse, and primary sewage sludge, with those of cellulose, peat, and bituminous coal. Pure cellulose, a representative primary photosynthetic product, has a carbon content of... 

Wang P.X., Qu E.F. A preliminary study on the chemical forms and availability of Nickel in manured loessial soil. Proceedings of the international symposium on the role of... 

For confirmatory assay, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is becoming more frequently used in the analysis of OTC owing to its high sensitivity and ability. Electrospray ionization (ESI) [55-57] and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) [41] methods combined with tandem mass spectrometry are favored because of their higher sensitivity and better reproducibility. Hamscher et al. [58] developed a method for the determination of persistent TC residues in soil fertilized with manure by HPLC tandem mass spectrometry, MS-MS, and confirmation by MS-MS-MS. Zhu et al. [59] developed an LC-tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of common tetracyclines in water. The detection limit for oxytetracycline was 0.21 pg/L. Lykkeberg et al. [60] used LC-MS/MS for determination of oxytetracycline and its impurities EOTC, TC, ETC, ADOTC, oc-AOTC, and /i-AOTC. 

Pigeon (adult) Manure-fertilised millet supplement versus chemically fertilised millet supplement Less weight loss (22.4% versus 37.4%) over the study period for birds fed manure-fertilised millet. Longer survival (50 versus 33 days) in birds with polyneuritis fed the manure-fertilised millet (McCarrrison, 1926)... 

Rat Manure-fertilised millet supplement versus chemically fertilised millet supplement Rats fed manure-fertilised wheat gained on average 10-17% more weight (McCarrrison, 1926)... 

Rat Manure-fertilized seed versus chemically fertilised seed Greater weight gain in vitamin B-deficient rats fed manure-fertilised seed (Rowlands and Wilkinson, 1930)... 

In many cases, the incorporation of organic matter in the soil may be a beneficial alternative to chemicals for plant disease control. Lor example, Viana et al. (2000) reported that matured cattle manure and sugarcane husks are efficient alternatives for control of bean damping-off (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum). Larmyard manure applied at 5 t/ha once every three years reduced dry root rot (Macrophominaphaseolina) to 32% in groundnut (Arachis... 

The transition from conventional to organic and low-input farming is accompanied by changes in an array of soil chemical properties and processes that affect soil fertility. Fundamental differences, both qualities and quantitative, in the flow and processing of nutrient result from the use of cover crops, manure and compost applications, and reduction or elimination of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. These changes affect nutrient availability to crops either directly by contributing to nutrient pools or indirectly by influencing the soil chemical and physical environment. 

Zaller JG, Kopke U (2004) Effects of traditional and biodynamic farmyard manure amendment on yields, soil chemical, biochemical and biological properties in a long-term field experiment. Biol Fert Soils 40 222-229... 

Secondary sources of PCDD/PCDFs, their reservoirs, are those matrices where they are already present, either in the environment or as products. Product reservoirs include PCP-treated wood, PCB-containing transformers and sewage sludge, compost and liquid manure, which can be used as fertilizers in agriculture and gardens. Reservoirs in the environment are, for example, landfills and waste dumps, contaminated soils (mainly from former chemical production or handling sites), and contaminated sediments (especially in harbours and rivers with industries discharging directly to the waterways). 

Thorsten C,Goldbach H (2003) Determination of antibiotic residues in manure, soil, and surface waters. 3rd international conference on pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting chemicals in water. Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University of Bonn... 

Lynn believes the success of her recovery is due, in part, to the quality of her early life. Raised in Wisconsin at a time when farmers put manure, not synthetic chemicals, on their fields, she ate only organic foods because that was all there was. Her mother, a physiotherapist in World War I and keenly interested in health, raised her as a vegetarian, although she now eats meats. Lynn describes her mother as a forerunner of the holistic practitioner. 

Materials handled include food products, chalk, coal, organic chemicals, clays, spent coffee grounds, sewage sludge and chicken manure. Where exhaust gases have unpleasant odours, after-burners can be supplied to raise the temperature and bum off the organic and particulate content causing the problem. 

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