Human excrement

Problems associated with excessive levels of nutrients and unwanted nuisance species have already been mentioned. There are cases in which intentional fertilization is used by aquaculturists in order to produce desirable types of natural food for the species under culture. Examples of this approach include inorganic fertilizer appHcations in ponds to promote phytoplankton and zooplankton blooms that provide food for young fish such as channel catfish, the development of algal mats through fertilization of milkfish ponds, and the use of organic fertilizers (from Hvestock and human excrement) in Chinese carp ponds to encourage the growth of phytoplankton, macrophytes, and benthic invertebrates. In the latter instance, various species of carp with different food habits are stocked to ensure that all of the types of natural foods produced as a result of fertilization are consumed. 

There has always been an abundance of natural fibers and elastomers, but few plastics. Of course, early humans employed a crude plastic art in tanning the protein in animal skins to make leather and in heat-formed tortoise shells. They also used naturally occurring tars as caulking materials and extracted shellac from the excrement of small coccid insects Coccus laced). 

Cresols are widely distributed natural compounds. As discussed above, they are formed as metabolites of microbial activity and are excreted in the urine of mammals (Fiege and Bayer 1987) and humans (Needham et al. 1984). Cresols from human urine are probably biodegraded at municipal sewage treatment facilities prior to release to ambient waters. However, for combined septic and storm sewage systems, cresols may be released to surface waters during periods of precipitation when influent volumes exceed treatment plant capacities. Also, in rural and suburban areas where septic tanks are used (o- and m-cresols can resist anaerobic digestion), human excrement may be a nonpoint source release of cresols to groundwater. 

In general, human excrement contains three-fourths of its weight of water, and its composition and consequent value varies with the food, and tho ngs and health of the individual. The following analysis of this substance by Way shows that it contains all the fertilizing constituents necessary for different crops... 

See The Pink Swastika and also William Stevenson s The Bormann Brotherhood (Arthur Barker, London, 1973) for further details of Hitler s sexual dysfunctionality. Coprophilia is the interest in human excrement. 

Thousands of people in Britain, and Europe died of cholera during the nineteenth century. At that time there was no known cure and no connection was made between the incidence of cholera and the unsanitary conditions. In the cities human excrement was thrown into open sewers flowing down the streets and into rivers. The rivers were also the source of drinking water. London was known as the city of smells. The disease was thought to be carried by the smells . The conditions were only improved when major underground sewers were built in the 1880s. It was also realized that there were very small organisms such as bacteria and viruses. The bacterium responsible for cholera was discovered by Robert Koch in 1883. 

Use of human excrement, animal manure, inorganic fertilizer and biosolids... 

Use of human excrement, animal manure, inorganic fertilizer and biosolids Human excrement and animal manure Chemical fertilizers Biosolids Nitrate levels Intensive animal practices Use of pesticides... 

There was no way past them. The sun burned down on my bare head. I smelled manure and gingerbread, my own fright, excrement, and sick human flesh from the cottage behind me. My skirts crumpled in my fists, and I thought of my quiet laboratory, of my husband sailing away before a strong wind, and of Shales, who wasn t coming back. 

When modern industrialization started in the 19th century, many people migrated from the agricultural area to the big cities. Public hygiene became a major problem. Human excrement and waste was discharged into open channels, rivers, and lakes. The pollution was disastrous and hygiene-related epidemic diseases, like cholera and typhus, occurred frequently. Therefore, it was an important step forward when public water collection systems and treatment plants were introduced at the end of the 19th century. 

The range of raw materials that humans use for food, construction, valuables, transportation, and other purposes is enormous. Many materials are found at archaeological sites. The Black Earth site in southern Illinois, a settlement of hunters dating from 4000 to 3000 bc provides an example. It is an enormous site, more than a city block in size, and the cultural layer is up to 1.5 m (5 ft) deep. The concentration of ash, excrement, and other organic matter in the sediments changed the chemistry of the soil, resulting in more alkaline conditions, favorable for the preservation of bone and other materials. 

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