High production volume manufacture

Most nanoparticle uptake and translocation research has quantified nanoparticles in vivo using some type of unique particle label. For example, nanoparticle laboratory studies have included radioactive particles [4], trace metals such as gold and iridium [7], and fluorescent particles [8]. However, the population exposures most relevant to health involve the emissions or deliberate release of high-production-volume manufactured nanomaterials and exposures to incidental nanoparticles, such as soot. Combustion emissions and manufactured powders such as fumed silica, ultraflne titanium dioxide (Ti02), and similar industrial materials rarely have a unique and easily detected label. 

HPVIS provides complete and easy access to technical health and environmental effect information on chemicals that are manufactured or imported to US in volumes greater than IMM lbs per year. Information in this database are submitted through HPV Challenge Program. HPVIS allows users to search for summary information, test plans, and new data on high production volume chemicals as they are developed. 

Uses. A high-production-volume chemical used in manufacture of epoxy-phenolic resins (protective linings for food and beverage cans) monomer for polycarbonate resins (used in food contact materials such as returnable beverage bottles, infant feeding bottles, plates, and mugs) antioxidant in PVC plastics inhibitor of end polymerization in PVC plastics... 

The High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge Program provides extensive data on chemicals manufactured in or imported to the United States in amounts of at least... 

Solvents are ubiquitous in the workplace and are produced in the millions of kilograms annually. They also appear in many household products such as cleaners, glues, and paint thinners. Because so many workers are exposed to solvents, and because their use is so common in other settings, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) proposed that solvent manufacturers undertake a comprehensive evaluation of ten solvents with high production volumes. They specified four components in the evaluation functional observation battery, motor activity, neuropathology, and schedule-controlled operant behavior. 

A discussion on manufactured costs of fuel ceU vehicles, with particular emphasis to PEMFC stacks and BOP components, is useful to assess the present limits for the commercialization with high production volumes. Recent evaluations evidenced that the estimated costs related to PEMFC and integrated FCSs results too high, at least four to five times higher than conventional engines [15, 53, 54]. At this regard PEMFC stack materials and the relative complexity of FCS play an important role in determining the overaU expected cost. A drastic reduction of the costs is then crucial for a realistic application in automotive field. 

High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge is a program defined in 1998 by the EPA for toxicological assessment of substances that are manufactured or imported into the United States. 

This very nseful regulation, after more than a qnarter century of practice does not give sufficient information. EPA has selected a group of High Production Volume, HPV, chemicals which constitutes 2,863 organic chemicals produced or imported at or above 1 million pounds per year in the United States. These chemicals have a large impact on health and safety becanse of their widespread application. EPA s analysis found that no basic toxicity information, i.e., neither hrrman health nor environmental toxicity, is publicly available for 43% of the high volume chemicals manufactured in the US and that a full set of basic toxicity information is available for only 7% of these chemicals. 

The materials cost and the manufacturing cost per 1000 pieces are independent of the production volume, but the mould cost is dependent on it. The sum of these costs makes up the production cost in the form of curve Kp which is asymptotic to the straight line of fixed costs + K, . It is typical of a cost curve that to begin with the production cost falls very rapidly (at low production volume), while in the final phase, with high production volume, this fall becomes only gradual. 

The negative-stamping deep drawing allows for high production volumes with short cycle times. In addition, deep-drawing molds, which are manufactured using nickel mold shells, can be, in many cases, combined with subsequent work operations, namely ... 

Military. The single-component explosives most commonly used for military compositions are TNT, RDX or HMX, nitrocellulose, and nitroglycerin. The last two are used almost exclusively to make propellants. The production volume of TNT far exceeds that of any other explosive. It is used as manufactured, as a base of biaary slurries with other high melting explosives, or ia ternary systems generally containing a biaary mix and aluminum. 

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