Manufacturing impact

J.M. Sosa and B. Ellis, Process for manufacturing impact resistant monovinylaromatic polymers, US Patent 6569941, assigned to Fina Technology, Inc. (Houston, TX), May 27, 2003. 

No matter where recycling occurs, either in-process or out-of-process, the total mass metric will necessarily be reduced by the amount of recycled materials in the process. It is therefore important not only to account for the reduced impacts from a life cycle viewpoint, but also to account for the environmental and resource usage impacts that result from recycling materials (e.g., distillation energy for solvent recovery). It should be noted that in most cases the benefits associated with the avoidance of manufacturing impacts tend to dwarf the energy and resources requirements for recycling the materials. 

Using a test vehicle which included QFPs with pitches ranging from 0.3 to 0.5 mm, and CSPs with pitches ranging from 0.4 to 0.6 mm, a study was conducted to understand the manufacturing impact of three no-clean, lead-free solders from the Sn-Ag-Cu family compared to a standard no-clean eutectic Sn-Pb solder paste. The evaluation focused on printability, solder paste pot-life, wettability, reflow process window, and inspection [33]. 

Life-cycle analysis, in principle, allows an objective and complete view of the impact of processes and products on the environment. For a manufacturer, life-cycle analysis requires an acceptance of responsibility for the impact of manufacturing in total. This means not just the manufacturers operations and the disposal of waste created by those operations but also those of raw materials suppliers and product users. 

Nylon A class of synthetic fibres and plastics, polyamides. Manufactured by condensation polymerization of ct, oj-aminomonocarboxylic acids or of aliphatic diamines with aliphatic dicarboxylic acids. Also rormed specifically, e.g. from caprolactam. The different Nylons are identified by reference to the carbon numbers of the diacid and diamine (e.g. Nylon 66 is from hexamethylene diamine and adipic acid). Thermoplastic materials with high m.p., insolubility, toughness, impact resistance, low friction. Used in monofilaments, textiles, cables, insulation and in packing materials. U.S. production 1983 11 megatonnes. 

Manufacturing approaches for selected bioproducts of the new biotechnology impact product recovery and purification. The most prevalent bioseparations method is chromatography (qv). Thus the practical tools used to initiate scaleup of process Hquid chromatographic separations starting from a minimum amount of laboratory data are given. 

Diamond. Diamond [7782 0-3] is the hardest substance known (see Carbon, diamond, natural). It has a Knoop hardness of 78—80 kN/m (8000—8200 kgf/m ). The next hardest substance is cubic boron nitride with a Knoop value of 46 kN/m, and its inventor, Wentorf, beheves that no manufactured material will ever exceed diamond s hardness (17). In 1987 the world production of natural industrial diamonds (4) was about 110 t (1 g = 5 carats). It should be noted that whereas the United States was the leading consumer of industrial diamonds in 1987 (140 t) only 260 kg of natural industrial diamonds were consumed this is the lowest figure in 48 years (4), illustrating the impact that synthetic diamonds have made on the natural diamond abrasive market. 

Testing. Chemical analyses are done on all manufactured abrasives, as well as physical tests such as sieve analyses, specific gravity, impact strength, and loose poured density (a rough measure of particle shape). Special abrasives such as sintered sol—gel aluminas require more sophisticated tests such as electron microscope measurement of a-alumina crystal si2e, and indentation microhardness. 

Lead Azide. The azides belong to a class of very few useflil explosive compounds that do not contain oxygen. Lead azide is the primary explosive used in military detonators in the United States, and has been intensively studied (see also Lead compounds). However, lead azide is being phased out as an ignition compound in commercial detonators by substances such as diazodinitrophenol (DDNP) or PETN-based mixtures because of health concerns over the lead content in the fumes and the explosion risks and environmental impact of the manufacturing process. 

In the laboratory or process research section a laboratory procedure for a fine chemical is worked out. The resulting process description provides the necessary data for the determination of preliminary product specifications, the manufacture of semicommercial quantities in the pilot plant, the assessment of the ecological impact, an estimation of the manufacturing cost in an industrial-scale plant, and the vaHdation of the process and determination of raw material specifications. 

The fine chemicals standards discussed herein are primarily those originating in the United States. Much discussion has occurred regarding harmonization of the wodd s standards. It is not yet clear, however, what impact the International Standards Organization QuaHty Management Standards (ISO 9000) may have on the manufacture and specifications of fine chemicals. 

THPOH—Ammonia—Tris Finish. By far the most effective finish for polyester—cotton textiles was a system based on the THPOH—NH treatment of the cotton component either foUowed or preceded by the appUcation of Tris finish to the polyester component. This combined treatment appeared to be effective on almost any polyester—cotton blend. A large amount of fabric treated in this way was sold throughout the United States and much of the rest of the world. Shortly after the introduction of Tris finishing, Tris was found to be a carcinogen. Most of the Tris treated production was in children s sleepwear, and this created a situation in which almost aU chemical fire-retardant-treated textiles were unfairly condemned as dangerous. Manufacturers mshed to replace chemically treated textiles with products produced from inherently flame-resistant fibers. Nowhere was the impact more severe than in the children s sleepwear market. New, safer materials have been introduced to replace Tris. Thus far none has been as completely effective. 

Silica. Sihca, which has the greatest impact on yield losses, reacts with HF and is discharged from the manufacturing process as H2SiFg. Yield losses can be calculated based on the chemical stoichiometry ... 

Historically the United States was a primary exporter of ion-exchange resin. As of 1994, the United States imports substantially more than it exports. Because compliance with tightening environmental regulations in the United States impacts on the cost of manufacture, offshore resin is most often lower in price. 

The International Standards Organization 9000 (ISO 9000) standard, developed by the European Economic Community (EEC), also impacts manufacturers implementation of LIMS systems. ISO 9000 is a set of standards which are required for manufacturers selling products to the EEC. The 9000 standards are credited with playing an important part in the impetus to greater computerization of laboratory information management (9). 

---