Malignant disease sarcomas

Malignant diseases hairy cell leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, cutaneous T cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, multiple myeloma, Kaposi s sarcoma, diffuse melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, carcinoid tumors Viral diseases condylomata acuminata, chronic active hepatitis B and C... 

The first written indication of malignant diseases can be found in the old Egyptian Kahun Papyrus as well as the Ebers Papyrus , where cancers of the uterus, breast, bladder, and also Kaposi-sarcoma are mentioned. In the Papyrus of Edwin Smith , even surgical techniques for cancer are described (Fig. 5.114). Already at that time, it had been recognised that surgical intervention has to... 

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) represents 95% of malignant disease of the penis. Sarcomas are the most frequent non-squamous penile cancers, followed by melanomas, basal cell carcinomas, and lymphomas. Kaposi s sarcoma presents as a well-marginated red nodule, often isolated to the glans, and represents the initial site of presentation in 3% of patients (Katona et al. 2006). 

Penile cancer is a rare tumour in Europe with an incidence of 1 per 100,000 men per year (Busby and Pettaway 2005). As illustrated in Chapter 13, it is most commonly diagnosed in the 6th and 7th decades of life, but can occur at any age, including childhood. Squamous cell carcinoma is by far the most common malignant disease of the penis, accounting for more than 95% of cases. Malignant melanomas and basal cell carcinomas are less common. Mesenchymal tumours such as Kaposi s sarcoma, angiosarcoma, and epithelioid haemangioendothelioma are very uncommon, with an incidence rate of less than 3%. 

Malignancies of various types— multiple myelomatosis, Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, reticulum cell sarcoma, Hodgkin s disease, Burkitt s lymphoma and other malignancies of the reticuloendothelial system... 

It is indicated in leukaemias, lymphogranulomatosis, lymphosarcoma, reticulum cell sarcoma, Hodgkin s disease, multiple myeloma, retinoblastoma, carcinoma of the breast, adenocarcinoma of the ovary, inoperable solid malignancies. It is used in combination with surgery, radiation and other therapeutic measures. 

Ewing s sarcoma is the second most common malignant bone tumor in children. The majority of patients have microscopic metastases at diagnosis the lung is the most common metastatic site. This sarcoma is a relatively rare disease with limited therapeutic options. The majority of patients are initially responsive to chemotherapy with vincristine, doxorubicin (Adriamycin), and cyclophosphamide. However, relapsed disease is usually extremely difficult to treat because of its resistance to chemotherapy (Zhou et al., 2001). 

Martland H. 1931. The occurrence of malignancy in radioactive persons A general review of data gathered in the study of the radium dial painters, with special reference to the occurrence of osteogenic sarcoma and the inter-relationship of certain blood diseases. Am J Cancer 15 2435-2515. 

Several Type I and Type II interferons (IFN) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) have been approved to treat infectious diseases or malignancies by augmenting immune responses IFN-a2a (chronic hepatitis C) IFN-a2b (hepatitis C, melanoma, chronic myelogenous leukemia, hairy-cell leukemia, Kaposi s sarcoma, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, renal cell carcinoma) IFN-aconl (chronic hepatitis C) IFN- 31a (multiple sclerosis) IFN-pib (multiple sclerosis) IFN-ylb (malignant osteopetrosis) and IL-2 (renal cell carcinoma). 

An unusual aspect of cancer is that it is very difficult to consider it as a singular disease entity. Some are rapidly fatal some only after prolonged periods of time. The rate of incidence of most malignancies increases with age, rising steeply after the fifth decade of life. Yet certain cancers are peculiar to childhood (acute leukemia) and adolescence (Ewing s sarcoma). 

The response of cells to radiotherapy also depends upon the rate of cell division, and the cell s physiological environment. Normal tissues that are characterized by a comparatively high rate of cell division (e.g., bone marrow, lymph nodes, gonads, intestinal mucous membrane, skin) have a high radiosensitivity. Among the most radiosensitive cancerous diseases are leukemia, malignant lymphoma (lymph-node cancer), Ewing s sarcoma (tumor of the skeleton), and myeloma. Even moderately radiosensitive tumors, e.g., cervical cancer in women, can often be treated successfully with radiotherapy alone. 

Vincristine (1.4 to 2.0 mg/m ) is indicated in the treatment of acute leukemia and in combination therapy for Hodgkin s disease, non-Hodgkin s malignant lymphomas (lymphocytic, mixed-cell, histiocytic, undifferentiated, nodular, and diffuse types), rhabdomyosarcoma, neuroblastoma, and Wilm s tumor. In addition, vincristine has been used in the treatment of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, Kaposi s sarcoma, breast cancer, and bladder cancer. The intrathecal administration of vincristine is fatal. 

Malignant pancreatic insulinoma malignant carcinoid Malignant melanoma Hodgkin s disease soft-tissue sarcomas glioma melanoma... 

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