Maintenance Modification

Plant engineering is that branch of engineering which embraces the installation, operation, maintenance, modification, modernization, and protection of physical facilities and equipment used to produce a product or provide a service. 

Ammunition Peculiar Equipment, commonly referred to as APE, is specialized equipment for use in the maintenance, modification, renovation, surveillance and demilitarization of ammunition items. This equipment is used at world wide military installations with ammunition missions that require any of the above mentioned activities. 

The design, development, and system build phases need to deliver computer systems and services in a manner that facilitates effective and efficient system validation, operation, maintenance, modification, and upgrade. This applies to both stand-alone and embedded process control computer systems (see Sec. VI). 

The largest single loss by fire or explosion ever experienced by the United Kingdom occurred June 1, 1974, as a result of an unwise plant maintenance modification. A total of 28 individuals lost their lives, 36 employees experienced injuries, and 53 nonemployees had recorded injuries. Estimated property damage was 63 million (U.S. 1976). [16]... 

Twelve process safety elements have been identified as important in the context of plant design, construction, start-up, operation, maintenance, modification, and decommissioning. This does not include personnel safety, transportation issues, chronic releases to the environment, or community response, which are separate and important issues. Process safety management must deal with each element. Even the best companies, with the best safety records, have room for improvement. 

Plant and facilities engineering is a multidisciplinary field of engineering concerned with the physical infrastructure of industrial, commercial, institutional, healthcare, and business facilities. It embraces the design, installation, operation, maintenance, modification, construction, modernization, and protection of physical facilities and equipment used to produce a product or provide a service (Dunn 1997). It includes, but is not necessarily hmited to, the following areas of physical asset management ... 

Operation and maintenance, modification and retrofit, decommissioning ordisposai of safety instrumented systems Clauses 16,17, and 18... 

Extensive maintenance work together with a large number of people present due to refueling, preventive and corrective maintenance, modifications, surveillance testing and in-service inspections can increase considerably the likelihood of an inadvertent event. Due to an inherent belief that the unit is in a safe shutdown mode the operating personnel may be unaware of the potential for higher risk during various shutdown conditions. 

The module is applicable to the construction, installation, use, maintenance, modification and removal of buildings, plant and equipment and the storage, handling and transport of goods and materials. 

General requirements Development of overall safety requirements concepts, scope definitions (7.1—75) (clause numbers—Typ.) allocation of safety related requirements to E/E/PEs (7.6) specification of safety requirements (7.10) installation commissioning, safety validation, operation and maintenance, modification and retrofit, decommissioning or disposal of E/E/PEs (7.13 and 7.14). Operation, maintenance modification (7.15—7.17) Yes Yes Yes ... 

The standard provides a good life cycle model with required details. This will be discussed separately, later. However, there is no specific guideline to fit the same to a typical system. For this, one needs to develop requirements, design specification, coding (as applicable), implementation, integration, maintenance, modification, and decommissioning in accordance with the model prescribed. 

O M Phases 14—16 End-user Operation, maintenance, modification, SIL maintenance... 

The safety case is oftentimes divided into an engineering safety case—which focuses on the design and deployment (including testing) of the system and the operational safety case—which focuses on the nominal and emergency operations of the system. Both should consider the entire life cycle from design, build, operations, maintenance, modifications, and disposal and should consider the build and oper-ate/maintain system supply chain. Figure 12.4 illustrates how the system acquisition is considered in the safety case. The illustration taken from EN 50126, Railway... 

At lEC 61508 s core is the definition and explanation of a safety life cycle. The overall safety life cycle for safety-related control systems is depicted in Fig. 13.30. The important attribute of this concept is that it imposes a formal structure on the planning and management of the specification, development, installation, use, maintenance, modification and final disposal phases of the life of safety-related systems. 

The low and intermediate level wastes that may be processed in an incineration facility are produced in different forms and are of different origins (e.g. from the operation, maintenance, modification and decommissioning of nuclear reactor facilities, from spent fuel reprocessing plants, from nuclear research laboratories, from hospital laboratories). Additional information on waste sources and characteristics is provided in Annex I. The radiological characteristics of the incinerator waste feed may vary considerably, and the wastes may be divided into three main categories ... 

To provide procedures for carry out maintenance/modifications operations (i.e. procedures to provide work permits to consultants) ... 

Decontamination of Nuclear Facilities to Permit Operation, Inspection, Maintenance, Modification or Plant Decommissioning 1985... 

The safety life cycle model is a useful tool in the development of safety related control systems. In concept it represents the interconnected stages from conception through specification, manufacture, installation, commissioning, operation, maintenance, modification and eventual de-commissioning of the plant. 

---