Magnolias

Komissarova finds that the total alkaloids of Magnolia fuscaia and magnolamine are cardiac depressants at 20 to 1,000 and 10 to 500 parts per million respectively. The differences between the two indicate that the total alkaloids include a component more potent than magnolamine. 

Ethyl Acetate.—This ester does not play a very important role in synthetic perfumery, but its intensely fruity odour, together with the fact that it is found naturally in the perfume of the magnolia gives it certain possibilities, if used in very minute quantities. It is an oil of the formula CH3COO. C2H5. It boils at 76°, and has a specific gravity 0-908. It is easily soluble in the usual organic solvents, and fairly soluble in water. 

The enantioselective reduction of alkyl 3-oxobutanoates by carbonyl reductase (SI) from C. magnoliae was also performed in organic-aqueous two-phase reaction system (Figure 8.15) [llc,d]. 

Non-prescription and herbal products with glucocorticoid activity (e.g., non-prescription anti-itch products with hydrocortisone, herbal products with magnolia bark or those claiming to contain adrenal cortex extracts or other by-products)... 

The characterization of two antimicrobial alkaloids from the heartwood of the tulip tree, Llrlodendron tullplfera L. (Magnolia-ceae), Is Illustrative of the general procedure (5). 

Two interesting yeast carbonyl reductases, one from Candida magnoliae (CMCR) [33,54] and the other from Sporobolomyces salmonicolor (SSCR) [55], were found to catalyze the reduction of ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate to give ethyl (5)-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutanoate, a useful chiral building block. In an effort to search for carbonyl reductases with anti-Prelog enantioselectivity, the activity and enantioselectivity of CMCR and SSCR have been evaluated toward the reduction of various ketones, including a- and /3-ketoesters, and their application potential in the synthesis of pharmaceutically important chiral alcohol intermediates have been explored [56-58]. 

The carbonyl reductase from Candida magnoliae catalyzed the enantioselective reduction of a diversity of ketones, including aliphatic and aromatic ketones and a- and /3-ketoesters (Figure 7.17), to anti-Prelog configurated alcohols in excellent optical purity (99% ee or higher) [56]. 

The usefulness of the carbonyl reductase from Candida magnoliae as an enzyme catalyst in the synthesis of chiral alcohol intermediates has been demonstrated by carrying out the reduction of several ketones on a preparative scale [56]. The isolated yields and enantiomeric excess of the product alcohols are summarized in Table 7.1, from which it can be seen that these chiral alcohols were obtained in essentially optically pure forms in excellent yields. These chiral alcohols are important intermediates in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and agrichemicals. For example, optically active 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyrate is an important chiral synthon... 

Yasohara, Y., Kizaki, N., Hasegawa, J. et al. (2001) Stereoselective reduction of alkyl 3-oxobutanoates by carbonyl reductase from Candida magnoliae. Tetrahedron Asymmetry, 12 (12), 1713-1718. 

Wada, M., Kataoka, M., Kawabata, H. et al. (1998) Purification and characterization of NADPH-dependent carbonyl reductase, involved in stereoselective reduction of ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate, from Candida magnoliae. Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 62 (2), 280-285. 

Zhu, D., Yang, Y. and Hua, L. (2006) Stereoselective enzymatic synthesis of chiral alcohols with the use of a carbonyl reductase from Candida magnoliae with anti-Prelog enantioselectivity. The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 71 (11), 4202-4205. 

P. magnolia Static culture inoculated with 2.5 mg L-1 90% after 14 days ... 

Bromomethane is produced by reaction of methanol with hydrobromic acid, followed by distillation of the product (HSDB 1989 lARC 1986 Windholz 1983). Table 4-1 summarizes information on U.S. companies that reported the manufacture or use of bromomethane in 1987 (TRI 1989). The quality of the TRI data must be viewed with caution since the 1987 data represent first-time, incomplete reporting by these facilities. Not all facilities that should have reported have done so. Of the companies that did report, only two facilities produced bromomethane for sale and distribution the Ethyl Corporation production facility in Magnolia, Arkansas, and the Great Lakes Chemical Corporation production facility in El Dorado, Arkansas (HSDB 1989 SRI 1987, 1988, 1989 TRI 1989). The current combined production volume of these two facilities is approximately 19,500 metric tons (43 million pounds) (HSDB 1989 lARC 1986). This is nearly a two-fold increase over the production volume of 11,200 metric tons (25 million pounds) reported for 1972 (lARC 1986). 

Dibromoethane has been widely released to the environment mainly as a result of the historical use of the compound as a gasoline additive and a fumigant (Fishbein 1979). The compound has also been released from industrial processing facilities. For example, 1,2-dibromoethane was found in air, water, soil, and sediment samples taken near industrial bromine facilities in El Dorado and Magnolia, Arkansas, in 1977 (Pellizzari et al. 1978). 

A1 and Ed s Autosound, Best Buy, Car Toys, Circuit City, Cowboy Maloney s Electric City, Good Guys, Magnolia Hi-Fi, Mobile One Auto Sound, Sears, Sound Advice, Tweeter, Ultimate Electronics, Wal-Mart, Radio Shack... 

Be sure to site magnolias where their mature size ean be aeeommodated It Is best to keep pruning to a minimum. 

Table 2. Properties of aldehyde reductase (AR) of S. salmonicolor and carbonyl reductase (CR) of C. magnoliae...

Under laboratory conditions, endrin degraded to other compounds in a variety of soils maintained at 45 °C. Except for Rutledge sand, endrin disappeared or was transformed in the following soils after 24 h Lynchburg loamy sand. Magnolia sandy loam. Magnolia sandy clay loam, Greenville sandy clay, and Susquehanna sandy clay. No products were identified (Bowman et al., 1965). 

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