Extraction lycopene

Taping Z, Suping Q, Werdi Y, Zheng X, Hong S, Side Y, Dapu W. (2002) Antioxidant activity of lycopene extracted from tomato paste towards trichloromethyl peroxyl radical. Food Chemistry 77 209-212. 

Kaur, D., Wani, A. A., Oberoi, D. P. S., and Sogi, D. S. (2008). Effect of extraction conditions on lycopene extractions from tomato processing waste skin using response surface methodology. Food Chem. 108, 711-718. 

Machmudah S, Zakaria, Winardi S, Sasaki M, Goto M, Kusumoto N, Hayakawa K (2012) Lycopene extraction from tomato peel by-product containing tomato seed using supercritical carbon dioxide. J Food Eng 108 290... 

Walfisch S, Walfisch Y, Kirilov E, Linde N, Mnitentag H, Agbaria R, Sharoni Y, Levy J (2007) Tomato lycopene extract supplementation decreases insulin-like growth factor-I levels in colon cancer patients. Eur J Cancer Prev 16 298-303... 

Strati et al. (2014) studied the extraction of carotenoids (lycopene) from tomato pomace assisted by enzyme and high pressure. Total carotenoid and lycopene extraction yields were increased by the use of pectinase and cellulase enzymes, when compared to the non enzyme treated solvent extraction process. 

Lycopene [502-65-8] (321) is found in a wide variety of fruits and particularly in tomatoes. It has been shown to reduce the risk of prostate and other cancers [396, 397]. It has also been shown to lower the susceptibility of lymphocyte DNA to oxidative damage (398) and to protect from atherosclerosis by preventing plasma hpid oxidation to low density lipoprotein (LDL) [399, 400]. Lycopene, extracted from tomatoes, is used as a red food color, E 160(d). 

Tomato lycopene extract Turmeric G Natural Yellow 3 Foods, generally... 

Most of this amount is in the form of fucoxanthin in various algae and in the three main carotenoids of green leaves lutein, violaxanthin, and neoxanthin. Others produced in much smaller amounts but found widely are p-carotene and zeaxanthin. The other pigments found in certain plants are lycopene and capsanthin (Figure 2.2.1). Colorant preparations have been made from all of these compounds and obviously the composition of a colorant extract reflects the profile of the starting material. Carotenoids are probably the best known of the food colorants derived from natural sources. ... 

The extraction of carotenoids from tomatoes to yield tomato seed oil, the valorization of tomato waste to obtain lycopene, and their uses in functional foods are already established. 

For example, the lycopene available on the market is supplied mainly by LycoRed (www.lycored.com), a company that uses a classical extraction system (ethyl acetate as solvent) and maintains a monopoly position for lycopene production on a large scale. The manufacturing of the Lyc-O-Mato oleoresin (recognized by European Regulation 258/97/EC) product of LycoRed is almost identical to the production of the food additive and includes physical operations to separate the pulp from ripe tomatoes extracted according to GMPs and lSO-9002-certified procedures. The final product contains 6 to 15% lycopene the total lycopene recovery from pulp reaches 85% and from paste around 50%. 

Lycopene (C.I 75125) E 160d 5% lycopene Tomato extract, vegetable oil Orange red Snacks, butter, margarine, vegetable oils and fats, pastas, soups, gravies, sauces. 

An interlaboratory study using mixed vegetable reference material showed average relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 23% ranging from 11% for lutein and a-carotene to 40% for lycopene." Triplicate HPLC injections of the same extract showed RSD values of 0% for P-carotene and 6.8% for lutein. ... 

The simplest and cheapest procedure to obtain standards is based on selective extraction followed by crystallization. A method developed to obtain lycopene from tomato residue using factorial experimental design consisted of a preliminary water removal with ethanol, followed by extraction with EtOAc and two successive crys-talhzation processes using dichloromethane and ethanol (1 4), producing lycopene crystals with 98% purity, measured by HPLC-PDA. Using this approach, bixin was extracted with EtOAc from annatto seeds that were previously washed with... 

Wei, Y. et ah. Application of analytical and preparative high-speed counter-current chromatography for separation of lycopene from crude extract of tomato paste, J. Chromatogr. A, 929, 169, 2001. 

Supercritical fluid extraction (SEE) is another modern separation technology usually employed to extract lipophilic compounds such as cranberry seed oil, lycopene, coumarins, and other seed oils. Anthocyanins generally and glycosylated anthocyanins in particular were considered unsuitable for SEE due to their hydrophilic properties, since SEE is applicable for non-polar analytes. However, a small amount of methanol was applied as co-solvent to increase CO2 polarity in anthocyanin extraction from grape pomace. New applications of SEE for anthocyanin purification have been reported for cosmetic applications from red fruits. ... 

Topal, U. et al.. Extraction of lycopene from tomato skin with supercritical carbon dioxide effect of operating conditions and solubility analysis, J. Agric. Food Chem., 54, 5604, 2006. 

In another study of carotenoid accumulation, cultured ARPE-19 cells were treated with a lipophilic extract from tomatoes solubilized in ethanol and injected into the culture medium for 24 h. The extract, containing 3-carotene, lycopene, and lutein at relative ratios of 23, 13, and 1, respectively, led to internalization of carotenoids at ratios of 9, 1.3, and 1, respectively (Chichili et al., 2006). These results indicate preferential accumulation of (3-carotene and lutein over lycopene in ARPE-19 cells. 

Hwang, E-S and PE Bowen. 2005a. Effects of lycopene and tomato paste extracts on DNA and lipid oxidation in LNCaP human prostate cells. BioFactors 23 97-105. 

Moisture. Moisture had different effects on the extraction yield of phytochemicals. For example, the a- and (3-carotene extraction yields using SC-CO2 increased from 184 to 599 pg/g dry carrot and from 354 to 892 pg/g, respectively, with decreasing the moisture in the feed material from 84.6 to 0.8%. The lutein yield decreased from 55.3 to 13 pg/g dry carrot with a decrease in moisture from 84.6 to 0.8% (Sun and Temelli 2006). For the extraction of lycopene from tomato with 50-60% moisture content, only trace amounts of lycopene were reported (Vasapollo and others 2004). 

Flow rate and extraction time. Dynamic techniques for the extraction of carotenoids with SC-CO2 use flow rates that vary from 0.5 to 15 mL/min (measured at extraction temperature and pressure) with different effects depending on the matrix (Rozzi and others 2002 Subra and others 1998 Saldana and others 2006). Subra and others (1998) extracted (3-carotene from 1 to 2.5 g freeze-dried carrots and studied the effect of flow rates (0.4 and 1.2 liter/min) they obtained higher yields of (3-carotene at a flow rate of 1.2 liter/min. Sun and Temelli (2006) also evaluated the effect of flow rate (0.5 and 1.0 liter/min) on the extraction of (3-carotene with SC-CO2 + canola oil. The total carotenoids yield increased with flow rate, ranging from 934.8 to 1,973.6 pg/g dry carrot at C02 flow rates from 0.5 to 2 liter/min (measured at STP), respectively (Sun and Temelli, 2006). However, the lycopene yield decreased from 38.8% to 8% as flow rate was increased from 2.5 to 15 mL/min (measured at extraction temperature and pressure) (Rozzi and others 2002). 

Use of cosolvent. Various cosolvents, such as acetone, ethanol, methanol, hexane, dichloromethane, and water, have been used for the removal of carotenoids using SC-CO2 extraction (Ollanketo and others 2001). All these cosolvents except water (only 2% of recovery) increased the carotenoid recovery. The use of vegetable oils such as hazelnut and canola oil as a cosolvent for the recovery of carotenoids from carrots and tomatoes have been reported (Sun and Temelli, 2006 Shi, 2001 Vasapollo and others 2004). For the extraction without cosolvent addition, the lycopene yield was below 10% for 2- to 5-hr extraction time, whereas in the presence of hazelnut oil, the lycopene yield increased to about 20% and 30% in 5 and 8 hr, respectively. The advantages of using vegetable oils as cosolvents are the higher extraction yield the elimination of organic solvent addition, which needs to be removed later and the enrichment of the oil with carotenoids that can be potentially used in a variety of product applications. 

The extraction of lycopene from tomato using ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) and ultrasound/microwave assisted extraction (UMAE) was also reported (Lianfu and... 

Gomez-Prieto MS, Caja MM, Herraiz M and Santa-Maria G. 2003. Supercritical fluid extraction of all trans-lycopene from tomato. J Agric Food Chem 51(1 ) 3—7. 

Ollanketo M, Hartonen K, Riekkola ML, Holm Y and Hiltunen R. 2001. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of lycopene in tomato skins. Eur Food Res Technol 212(5) 561-565. 

Rozzi NL, Singh RK, Vierling RA and Watkins BA. 2002. Supercritical fluid extraction of lycopene from tomato processing byproducts. J Agric Food Chem 50(9) 2638-2643. 

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