Ultrasonically assisted extraction

Shen, J. and Shao, X., Comparison of accelerated solvent extraction, Soxhlet extraction, and ultrasonic-assisted extraction for analysis of terpenoids and sterols in tobacco. Ana/. Bioanal. Chem., 383, 1003, 2005. 

Ultrasonically assisted extraction is also widely used for the isolation of effective medical components and bioactive principles from plant material [195]. The most common application of low-intensity ultrasound is as an analytical technique for providing information about the physico-chemical properties of foods, such as in the analysis of edible fats and oils (oil composition, oil content, droplet size of emulsions, and solid fat content) [171,218]. Ultrasonic techniques are also used for fluids characterisation [219]. 

Garcia-Valcarcel AI, Tadeo JL (2009) A combination of ultrasonic assisted extraction with LC-MS/MS for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides in sludge. Anal Chim Acta 641 (1—2) 117—123... 

The extraction of lycopene from tomato using ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) and ultrasound/microwave assisted extraction (UMAE) was also reported (Lianfu and... 

M. Vinatoru, M. Toma and T.J. Mason, Ultrasonically assisted extraction of bioactive principles from plants and their constituents, Advances in Sonochemistry, T.J. Mason (ed.), JAI Press, London, 1999, 5, 209-248. 

Ultrasonically assisted extraction is particularly useful for the environmental analytical chemist because it facilitates a more complete extraction of absorbed chemicals e. g. the extraction of pesticides [57, 58] and of heavy metals from soils [59[. 

N. Jalbani, T. G. Kazi, B. M. Arain, M. K. Jamali, H. I. Afridi and R. A. Sarfraz, Application of factorial design in optimisation of ultrasonic -assisted extraction of aluminum in juices and soft drinks, Talanta, 70(2), 2006, 307-314. 

Vinatoru, M. An overview of the ultrasonically assisted extraction of bioactive principles from herbs. Ultrason. Sonochem. 8, 303-313 (2001)... 

The rate of transfer of antioxidants from a solid polymer into a solvent is increased by ultrasound waves. Ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) is a rather... 

Comparison Between MAE, Soxhiet Extraction (SE) and Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction (USE)... 

MSPD). Other techniques used for some specific applications are microwave-assisted and ultrasonically assisted extraction (MAE, UAE), immunoaffinity(-based) extraction (lAC), and polymer imprinted types of extraction techniques [molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)]." ... 

Xie, Wang, Kang, Hu, Su, Huang, Che, and Guo also reported an ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) of alkaloids from Stephania sinica The extraction contained the following steps ... 

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction Time-efficiency, better extraction efficiency, less solvent consumption, and lower energy consumption High ultrasonic power, longer irradiation time, and high reaction temperature can cause structural changes [71,87,89]... 

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) is the other common method that accelerates the extraction process [83]. The principle behind the UAE is similar to MAE, where the cell wall is destroyed by ultrasound that leads to active constituents being leached out from ruptured cells without modifying the polysaccharides. In general, UAE is able to extract polysaccharides at lower temperatures, which is about 25-70 °C at 120/300 W of ultrasonic power [89]. The extraction time is between 5 and 40 min. 

ABEI) as the signal-producing compound was constructed. The relative standard deviation was 3.8 % at 0.2 ng mL (n = 7). A detection limit of 0.007 ng mL was obtained with the designed sensor. The proposed analytical method has been applied to measure OTA in naturally contaminated wheat samples [118]. ECL detection with CE separation system was used for the rapid analysis of nicotine in urine and cigarette samples [119], and pseudolycorine in the bulb of lycoris radiata (based on ultrasonic-assisted extraction) [120]. 

Deng B, Ye L, Yin H, Liu Y, Hu S, Li B (2011) Determination of pseudolycorine in the bulb of lycoris radiata by capillary electrophoresis combined with online electrochemiluminescence using ultrasonic-assisted extraction. J Chromatogr B 879(13-14) 927-932. doi 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.03.002... 

Source From Novel combined stir bar sorptive extraction coupled with ultrasonic assisted extraction for the determination of brominated flame retardants in environmental samples using high performance liquid chromatography, in J. Chromatogr. 

Proestos C, Kmnaitis M (2006) Ultrasonically assisted extraction of phenolic compounds fiom arranatic plants comparison with conventional extraction techniques. J Food Qual 29 567-582... 

Huang W, Xue A, Niu H, Jia Z, Wang J (2009) Optimised ultrasonic-assisted extraction of flavonoids from Folium eucommiae and evaluation of antioxidant activity in multi-test systems in vitro. Food Chem 114(3) 1147-1154... 

Li SA, Zhu RH, Zhong M, Zhang YP, Huang KL, Zhi X, Fu ST (2010) Effects of ultrasonic-assistant extraction parameters on total flavones yield of Selaginella doederleinii and its antioxidant activity. J Med Plants Res 4(17) 1743-1750... 

Saponins from plant materials can be extracted using different techniques and solvents. The conventional techniques for saponin extraction used soxhlet, liquid-liquid or solid-liquid extraction (Berhow et al. 2002 Hassan et al. 2010a, b). These methods consume a lot of solvent, time and may lead to potentially deleterious degradation of labile compounds (Kerem et al. 2005). Therefore, in recent years, new extraction techniques include accelerated solvent extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, solid-phase microextraction, sonication, extraction with supercritical or subcritical water, and microwave-assisted extraction have been developed and are considered to be more efficient than the conventional methods (Wu et al. 2001 Kerem et al. 2005 Ligor et al. 2005 Gii lii-Ustundag and Mazza 2007). Ultrasonication-assisted extraction of ginseng saponins was about three times faster than the liquid-liquid extraction and can be carried out at lower temperature (Wu et al. 2001). Kerem et al. (2005) reported that methanol- microwave assisted method to extract saponin of chiclqtea proved to be faster and more efficient than soxhlet extraction. 

The application of ultrasound energy or sonication for process enhancement of bioactive molecules or compounds from plant material is widely published (Saliova et al., 1997 Vinatoru et al., 1997 Vinatoru, 2001 Bruni et al., 2002 Melecchi et al., 2002 Albu et al., 2004 Schinor et al., 2004 Wang and Weller, 2006). A fairly recent review has summarized the scope of ultrasonic-assisted extractions (ViUchu et al., 2008). Part of the attraction of ultrasound for extraction processes is that it is a relatively simple and inexpensive method which can be conducted at ambient temperatures using any particular solvent (Ashokkumar et al., 2008). 

Saliova, M., Toma, S. and Mason, T.J. 1997. Comparison of conventional and ultrasonically assisted extractions of pharmaceutically active compounds from Salvia officinahs, Ultrason. Sonochem. 4 131-134. 

Reprinted (adapted) with permission from Shao Mingwu, Wei Chao, Jia Yongjuan, Dai Xinhua, and Fang Xiang (2010) Determination of selected polybrominated diphenylethers and polybrominated biphenyl in polymers by ultrasonic-assisted extraction and high-perfonnance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Analytical Chemistry... 

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