Coenzyme lycopene

Some non-enzymatic antioxidants play a key role in these defense mechanisms. These are often vitamins (A, C, E, K), minerals (zinc, selenium), caretenoids, organosulfur compounds, allyl sulfide, indoles, antioxidant cofactors (coenzyme Qio)> and polyphenols (flavonoids and phenolic acids) [1,37]. Further, there is good evidence that bilirubin and uric acid can act as antioxidants to help neutralize certain free radicals [38]. Alpha-carotene, lycopene, lutein, and zeaxanthine [39] can be considered subgroups of carotenoids [40] that are effective antioxidant compounds. 

Coenzyme QIO Melatonin DHEA Acetylcarnitine SAMe n-3-Fatty acids Carotenoids, e.g., lutein/lycopene Carotenoids, e.g., lutein/lycopene n-3-Fatty acids Soy isoflavonoids/protein Green tea extracts Octacosanol/policosanol Resveratrol Pycnogenol Glucosamine Chondroitin MSM... 

Diseases of the heart and circulatory system, cardiovascular diseases, have long been the leading cause of mortality in Europe and North America, and total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol are the two most important risk factors for coronary heart disease. Decreased arterial compliance of the arteries is thought to contribute to systolic hypertension and coronary artery insufficiency. A number of nutraceuticals have been used for long-term prevention or symptom reduction in cardiovascular diseases, notably soy products, tea flavonoids, octacosanol, n-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and, to a lesser extent, melatonin, Pycnogenol, resveratrol, coenzyme QIO, lycopene, and DHEA. 

Coenzyme QIO is a powerful antioxidant naturally occurring in the mitochondria of myocardium, and it is an electron carrier in the mitochondrial synthesis of ATP. Patients with heart failure have lower myocardial levels of coenzyme QIO, but supplementation has been demonstrated to have variable benefits in randomized controlled trials. One meta-analysis on the use in congestive heart failure showed improvements in stroke volume, ejection fraction, cardiac output, cardiac index, and end diastolic volume index. " Another antioxidant associated with beneficial effects in cardiac patients is lycopene, a natural constituent of tomatoes. Lycopene is the major carotenoid found in human serum, and epidemiological studies have indicated an effect of dietary supplementation in reducing heart disease. Few dietary interventions have been reported one study showed a mild but significant hypocholesterolemic effect, and another showed a significant reduction in LDL oxidation. " Animal studies show an antiatherogenic effect of DHEA, and a review of the clinical trials and studies on DHEA in males with coronary heart disease reported a favorable or neutral effect. Plasma levels of DHEA are decreased in patients with chronic heart failure in proportion to its severity. ... 

Relatively high conformation to acceptable standards was found for coenzyme QIO (of Japanese origin), but poor conformation was found with lycopene. Nurmi et al. found wide variations in 15 soy isoflavone products examined. In their report, individual isoflavone levels were not claimed, but levels of three individual compounds, daidzein, genistein, and glycitein, fluctuated... 

With mesoporous materials (both silica and silicon), one can provide nanoentrapment of nutrients, as opposed to microencapsulation. This can provide not only protection from environmental parameters (see Table 2) but also bioavailability improvements for hydrophobic nutrients (Canham 2007). Nutrients loaded to date in mesoporous silicon include vitamin A, beta-carotene, vitamin E, fish oils, lycopene, coenzyme QIO, and curcumin. Table 3 presents an example of loading... 

Dixson DD, Boddy CN, Doyle RP (2011) Reinvestigation of coenzyme QIO isolation from Sporidiobolus johnsonii. Chem Biodivers 8 1033-1051 Farmer WR, Liao JC (2001) Precursor beilancing for metabohc engineering of lycopene production in Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Prog 17 57-61... 

Kien NB, Kong IS, Lee MG, Kim JK (2010) Coenzyme QIO production in a 150-1 reactor by a mutant strain of Rhodobacter sphaeroides. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 37 521-529 Kim SW, KeasUng JD (2001) Metabolic engineering of the nonmevalonate isopentenyl diphosphate synthesis pathway in Escherichia coli enhances lycopene production. Biotechnol Bioeng 72 408 15... 

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