Lung disease surfactant

Robertson, B., Johansson, J., and Cur-STEDT, T. Synthetic surfactants to treat neonatal lung disease. Mol. Med. Today 2000, 6, 119-124. 

Griese M Pulmonaiy surfactant in health and human lung diseases state of the art. Eur Respir J 1999 13 l455. 

Takahashi H, Sano H, Chiba H, Kuroki Y (2006) Pulmonary surfactant proteins A and D innate immune functions and biomarkers for lung diseases. Curr Pharm Des 12(5) 589-598... 

Surfactant Therapy for Lung Disease, edited by B. Robertson and H. W. Taeusch... 

There are also several examples of natural surfactants and foams in the human body. The understanding of the pulmonary surfactant system, although discovered in 1929, has only been applied clinically since about 1990 for the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome. Surfactant replacement therapy may also be used in treating other forms of lung disease, such as meconium aspiration syndrome, neonatal pneumonia and congenital diaphragmatic hernia [881]. Lung surfactant, composed of phospholipids and proteins [882,883], is necessary to maintain a low surface tension at the alveolar air-liquid interface. When there is a deficiency of surfac-... 

Pulmonary gene therapy is attractive for the treatmment of chronic bronchitis, cystic fibrosis, a-1 antitrypsin deficiency, familial emphysema, asthma, pulmonary infections, surfactant deficiency, pulmonary hypertension, lung cancer, and malignant mesothelioma. The pulmonary endothelium may act as a bioreactor for the production and secretion of therapeutic proteins, such as clotting factors and erythropoietin into the blood circulation. There is a potential benefit for acquired lung diseases, as well as cancers, to be controlled and possibly treated by expression of cytokines, surfactant, antioxidant enzymes, or mucoproteins within lung cells. 

In animal and in vitro studies, inhaled nitric oxide has led to surfactant inactivation and promotion of oxidative and nitrosylative lung injury (2). These effects have not been reported during clinical use of inhaled nitric oxide at concentrations less than 80 ppm. In a review of two articles it was noted that nitric oxide does not increase the risk of chronic lung disease of the newborn, despite speculation that it may increase chronic lung disease of prematurity due to the formation of nitrogen dioxide and peroxynitrite, in addition to membrane lipid peroxidation and increased unbound plasma iron in preterm infants (7). 

Mustard gas exposure also causes inflammatory lung diseases, including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (Calvet et al., 1994 Sohrabpour, 1984). A defective secretion of surfactant by alveolar type 11 cells has been implicated as one of the causative factors for the development of ARDS (Ansceschi, 1989). A major component of lung surfactant is DPPC (Stith and Das, 1982). The precursor of DPPC is normally l-pahnitoyl-2-oleolyl PC. DPPC is produced by deacylation and subsequent reacylation with palmitic acid at 2-position of glycerol moiety of the unsaturated phospholipid. 

Pulmonary and Peripheral Gas Exchange in Health and Disease, edited by J. Roca, R. Rodriguez-Roisen, and P. D. Wagner Lung Surfactants Basic Science and Clinical Applications, R. H. Natter Nosocomial Pneumonia, edited by W. R. Jarvis Fetal Origins of Cardiovascular and Lung Disease, edited by David J. P. Barker... 

Surfactants also occur as lining material in the lungs. Diseases associated with malfunctioning of these tissues or processes often involve surfactant behavior. 

Nogee LM, Dunbar AE III, Wert SE, et al. A mutation in the surfactant protein C gene associated with familial interstitial lung disease. N Engl J Med 2001 344(8) 573-579. 

Hamvas A, Nogee LM, White FV, et al. Progressive lung disease and surfactant dysfunction with a deletion in surfactant protein C gene. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol... 

Ohnishi H, Yokoyama A, Kondo K, et al. Comparative study of KL-6, surfactant protein-A, surfactant protein-D, and monoc3he chemoattractant protein-1 as serum markers for interstitial lung diseases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002 165(3) 378-381. 

Takahashi H, Shiratori M, Kanai A, et al. Monitoring markers of disease activity for interstitial lung diseases with serum surfactant proteins A and D. Respirology 2006 ll(suppl) S51-S54. 

Whitsett JA. Genetic basis of familial interstitial lung disease misfolding or function of surfactant protein C Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002 165(9) 1201-1202. 

Takahashi H, Kuroki Y, Tanaka H, et al. Serum levels of surfactant proteins A and D are useful biomarkers for interstitial lung disease in patients with progressive systemic sclerosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000 162 258-263. 

Taeusch HW, Clements J, Benson S. Exogenous surfactant for human lung disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1983 128 791-794. 

Rouhi, A.M. a peptoid promise Synthetic lung surfactant mimics may widen access to treatment of respiratory disease. Chem. Eng. News 2001, 79, 50-51. 

Phospholipids and sphingolipids are involved in several disease processes, including respiratory distress syndrome (lack of lung surfactant), multiple sclerosis... 

When air is exhaled the small alveoli of the lungs could collapse if it were not for the surface active material (surfactant) present in the fluid that coats the lungs. e In fact, the lack of adequate surfactant is the cause of respiratory distress syndrome, a major cause of death among premature infants and a disease that may develop in acute form in adults. The surfactant material forms a thin film of high fluidity at the air-liquid interface and lowers the surface tension from the 72 mN/m of pure water to <10 mN/mfs (Pay attention to the definition of surface tension.11)... 

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