Syndrome , respiratory distress

If one considers the nutrient stores of very small infants (Table II), it becomes quite clear that the ability of a small premature infant to withstand an inadequate energy supply is markedly less than that of an older 

---

In low doses, inhaled NO may have a beneficial therapeutic effect, since NO in the inspired air leads to pulmonary vasodilation. In persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, NO inhalation has already been used with some success. NO inhalation as the treatment for acute respiratory distress syndrome, however, has been disappointing. Only transient improvements of oxygenation were detected and the outcome of placebo-controlled trials did not show any improvement... 

PA S1 S01.131 Neutrophil elastase Drug target for emphysema, cystic fibrosis, adult respiratory distress syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis and other diseases... 

In the past number of years a number of studies have shown that in a variety of diseases there is a significant oxidation of Met residues to Met(O) in specific proteins that results in a loss of biological activity. These diseases include cataracts, rheumatoid arthritis, adult respiratory distress syndrome and emphysema. The most convincing evidence that Met(O) in proteins may be involved in the etiology of a pathological condition comes from studies with a-l-PI. It is well accepted that a-l-PI is inactivated upon oxidation of its Met residues. A decreased activity of a-l-PI in lung tissue that would result in an increased elastase activity has been associated with pulmonary emphysema. In patients who have a... 

There is a clinical need for non-natural, functional mimics of the lung surfactant (LS) proteins B and C (SP-B and SP-C), which could be used in a biomimetic LS replacement to treat respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in premature infants [56]. An effective surfactant replacement must meet the following performance requirements (i) rapid adsorption to the air-liquid interface, (ii) re-spreadabihty... 

For the treatment of lung surfactant deficiency in premature human infants suffering from respiratory distress syndrome, limited clinical trials were performed showing that liposomes in the lung-instilled intratracheally either as an aerosolized mist (Ivey et al., 1977) or as a suspension via an endotracheal tube (Fujiwara et al., 1980)—rapidly improved lung function. No adverse effects were observed as a result of the supplementation with surfactant-like material. It appears, therefore, that liposomes are a suitable system for the delivery of major phospholipid components of endogenous lung surfactant. 

Ivey, H., Roth, S., and Kattwinkel (1977). Nebulization of sonicated phospholipids (PL) for the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of infancy, Pediatr. Res.. 11. 573. 

Deficiency of Lung Surfactant Causes Respiratory Distress Syndrome... 

Lung surfactant is composed mainly of lipid with some proteins and carbohydrate and prevents the alveoli from collapsing. Surfactant activity is largely attributed to dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, which is synthesized shortly before parturition in full-term infants. Deficiency of lung surfactant in the lungs of many preterm newborns gives rise to respiratory distress syndrome. Administration of either natural or artificial surfactant has been of therapeutic benefit. 

Phospholipids and sphingolipids are involved in several disease processes, including respiratory distress syndrome (lack of lung surfactant), multiple sclerosis... 

Quinlan, G.J., Evans, T.W. and Gutteridge, J.M.C. (1994). Linoleic acid and protein thiol changes suggestive of oxidative damage in the plasma of patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome. Free Bad. Res. Commun. 20, 299-306. 

Cross, C.E., Forte, T., Stocker, R., Louie, S., Yamamoto, Y., Ames, B.N. and Frei, B. (1990). Oxidative stress and abnormal cholesterol metabolism in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 115, 396-404. 

MacNaugJiton, P.D. and Evans, T.W. (1992). Management of adult respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet 339, 469-472. 

Ognibene, F.P., Martin, S.E. and Parker, M.M. (1986). Adult respiratory distress syndrome in patients with severe neutropenia. N. Engl. J. Med. 315, 547-551. 

Phagocyte-derived ROMs have been implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of pulmonary diseases, including emphysema, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and various environmental diseases such as asbestos-related fibrosis and cancer (Mossman and Marsh, 1985). The relatively high oxygen tension in pulmonary tissue renders the lung prone to oxidative stress (Edwards and Lloyd, 1988). 

Monitor for evidence of cerebral edema, noncardiogenic (permeability) pulmonary edema, acute respiratory distress syndrome, hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, and vascular thrombosis... 

APACHE Acute Physiology, Age, and Chronic Health Evaluation ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome... 

Birth asphyxia Hypothermia Meconium or amniotic fluid aspiration Necrotizing enterocolitis Respiratory distress syndrome Shock Obstetrics Abortion... 

Signs and symptoms New infiltration on chest, x-ray accompanied by fever, cough, dyspnea, chest pain, hypoxia, leukocytosis. Can progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome and death. 

Outcome parameters for VAP, HAP, and HCAP are similar to those with CAP. Clinical improvement should occur within 48 to 72 hours of the start of therapy. If a patient is not responding to therapy, then, again, consider infectious and noninfectious reasons. Infectious explanations are the same as for CAP, but noninfectious reasons are not. They include atelectasis, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), pulmonary embolism or hemorrhage, cancer, empyema, or lung abscess. 

P. falciparum malaria is a life-threatening emergency. Complications include hypoglycemia, acute renal failure, pulmonary edema, severe anemia (high parasitism), thrombocytopenia, heart failure, cerebral congestion, seizures, coma, and adult respiratory distress syndrome. 

One formula, Oxepa , has been studied specifically in critically ill patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).29 This high-fat formula contains high quantities of the C0-3 fatty acids (EPA) and y-linolenic acid (GLA). y-Linolenic... 

---