Alveolar type

Williams MC. Alveolar type I cells molecular phenotype and development. Annu Rev Physiol 2003 65 669-695. 

Normal lungs, however, produce a chemical substance referred to as pulmonary surfactant. Made by alveolar type II cells within the alveoli, surfactant is a complex mixture of proteins (10 to 15%) and phospholipids (85 to 90%), including dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline, the predominant constituent. By interspersing throughout the fluid lining the alveoli, surfactant disrupts the cohesive forces between the water molecules. As a result, pulmonary surfactant has three major functions ... 

Infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS), also known as hyaline membrane disease, is one of the most common causes of respiratory disease in premature infants. In fact, it occurs in 30,000 to 50,000 newborns per year in the U.S. — most commonly in neonates bom before week 25 of gestation. IRDS is characterized by areas of atelectasis, hemorrhagic edema, and the formation of hyaline membranes within the alveoli. IRDS is caused by a deficiency of pulmonary surfactant. Alveolar type II cells, which produce surfactant, do not begin to mature until weeks 25 to 28 of... 

At both 3 and 6 months, there was a two- to threefold increase in volume density of alveolar Type II cells after 6 months, lungs had foci of pneumonia, suggesting a higher susceptibility to pulmonary... 

Paraquat tends to rapidly localize in selected tissues of injected mice, including melanin, alveolar type cells of the lung, choroid plexus, muscle, proximal tubules of the kidney, liver, gallbladder, and intestinal contents (Waddell and Marlowe 1980). Half-time persistence of paraquat in rat tissues ranged from 20 to 30 min in plasma to about 5 days in muscle (Sharp et al. 1972). 

Tezuka, M. et al., Gene damage induced in human alveolar type II (L-132) cells by exposure to dimethylarsinic acid, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 191, 1178, 1993. 

Collectins Alveolar type II cells and non-ciliated bronchiolar epithelial cells Bacterial and fungal cell walls and viruses Enhance phagocytosis of macrophages and neutrophils activating cells Cigarette smoke decreases the production of collectin [48] ozone decreases function [49]... 

Shelley, S.A., Paciga, J.E., and Balis, J.U., Lysozyme is an ozone-sensitive component of alveolar type II cell lamellar bodies, Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1096, 4, 338, 1991. 

Figure 11.3 Permeability to FITC-labelled dextrans across rat (O, [94]) and human ( , [66]) alveolar type I (ATI) cell-like...

Ryan US, Ryan JW, Smith DS (1975) Alveolar type II cells studies on the mode of release of lamellar bodies. Tissue Cell 7(3) 587-599... 

Dahlin K, Mager EM, Allen L, Tigue Z, Goodglick L, Wadehra M, Dobbs L (2004) Identification of genes differentially expressed in rat alveolar type I cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 31(3) 309-316... 

Rishi AK, Joyce-Brady M, Fisher J, Dobbs LG, Floras J, VanderSpek J, Brody JS, Williams MC (1995) Cloning, characterization, and development expression of a rat lung alveolar type I cell gene in embryonic endodermal and neural derivatives. Dev Biol 167(1) 294-306... 

Williams MC, Cao Y, Hinds A, Rishsi AK, Wetterwald A (1996) T1 alpha protein is developmentally regulated and expressed by alveolar type I cells, choroid plexus, and ciliary epithelia of adult rats. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 14(6) 577-585... 

Dobbs LG, Gonzalez RF, Allen L, Froh DK (1999) HTI56, an integral membrane protein specific to human alveolar type I cells. J Histochem Cytochem 47 129-137... 

Mason RJ (2006) Biology of alveolar type II cells. Respirology 11 SuppkS 12-S15... 

Rehan VK, Torday JS, Peleg S, Gennaro L, Vouros P, Padbury J, Rao DS, Reddy GS (2002) lAlpha,25-dihydroxy-3-epi-vitamin D3, a natural metabolite of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 production and biological activity studies in pulmonary alveolar type II cells. Mol Genet Metab 76(l) 46-56... 

Corti M, Brody AR, Harrison JH (1996) Isolation and primary culture of murine alveolar type II cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 14 309-315... 

Mulugeta S, Gray JM, Notarfrancesco KL, Gonzales LW, Koval M, Feinstein SI, Ballard PL, Fisher AB, Shuman H (2002) Identification of LBM180, a lamellar body limiting membrane protein of alveolar type II cells, as the ABC transporter protein ABC A3. J Biol Chem 277(25) 22147-22155... 

Lung compliance in vivo Ciliary beat assays in vitro Mucus level assays in vitro Alveolar Type II cell surfactant secretion assay in vitro Pharmacological profiling — binding or functional assays at receptors, enzymes, ion channels, transporters... 

Dietl, P., Haller, T., Mair, N., and Frick, M., Mechanisms of surfactantexocytosis in alveolar type II cells in vitro and in vivo, News Physiol. Sci., 16, 239-243, 2001. 

Poelma DL, Zimmermann LJ, Scholten HH, et al. In vivo and in vitro uptake of surfactant lipids by alveolar type II cells and macrophages. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2002 283(3) L648-L654. 

The isolation and characterization of alveolar Type II cells which transform into alveolar Type I cells has been described, as weh as a monolayer culture of alveolar Type I cells [35,36]. 

Ma LY, LaCagnin LB, Bowman L, et al. 1989. Carbon tetrachloride inhibits synthesis of pulmonary surfactant disaturated phosphatidylcholines and ATP production in alveolar type II cells. Acta Biochem Biophys 1003 136-144. 

An increase in lung lesions, as compared to controls, was observed in rats exposed to 0.7 mg nickel/m as nickel subsulfide for 78 weeks (6 hours/day, 5 days/week), followed by a 30-week observation period (Ottolenghi et al. 1974). The lung lesions included pneumonitis, atelectasis, bronchitis, bronchiectasis, and emphysema. Morphological alterations in alveolar macrophages (hyperplasia and lamellated material in the cytoplasm) were associated with impaired cellular function in rabbits exposed to 0.2 mg nickel/m as metallic nickel or nickel chloride for 8 months (Johansson and Camner 1986 Johansson et al. 1981). An increase in volume density of alveolar type II cells was also observed in rabbits exposed to 0.2 mg nickel/m as metallic nickel or nickel chloride for 1 month (Johansson and Camner 1986 Johansson et al. 1981). 

Hu, P., Ischiropoulos, H., Beckman, J. S., and Matalon, S. (1994). Peroxynitrite inhibition of oxygen consumption and sodium transport in alveolar type 11 cells. Am. J. Physiol. 

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