Lower respiratory tract infections, treatment

Severe lower respiratory tract infections - Treatment of hospitalized infants and young children with severe lower respiratory tract infections caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). 

Lower respiratory tract infections treatment of Macrolide antibiotics Manic symptoms drug-induced Migraine headaches treatment of Monoamine oxidase inhibitors contemporary treatment of depression Multiple sclerosis treatment of Myasthenia gravis treatment of Mycoses treatment of deep-seated organisms Myoclonus treatment of Narcolepsy treatment of Neurotransmitters and their receptor subtypes Newborns undeveloped pharmacokinetic profile Nitrate products... 

Palivizumab is used to prevent serious lower respiratory tract infection due to RSV. It is used only in high-risk children who are younger than 24 months of age and have bronchopulmonary dysplasia or chronic lung disease that required treatment in the previous 6 months. It is also indicated for premature infants (less than 32 weeks gestation) until the age of 6 to 12 months. Palivizumab can reduce the incidence of RSV-related hospitalization by approximately half. The safety and efficacy of palivizumab in the treatment of RSV disease have not been established. 

It is indicated in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infection e.g. bronchitis and pneumonia, upper respiratory tract infections e.g. pharyngitis and sinusitis, infections due to chlamydia, legionella and mycoplasma, skin and soft tissue infections and eradication of H. pylori with acid suppressants. 

Levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, gemifloxacin, and moxifloxacin, so-called respiratory fluoroquinolones, with their enhanced gram-positive activity and activity against atypical pneumonia agents (eg, chlamydia, mycoplasma, and legionella), are effective and used increasingly for treatment of upper and lower respiratory tract infections. 

Ciprofloxacin is approved for use in the treatment of bone and joint infections, infectious diarrhea caused by Shigella or Campylobacter, lower respiratory tract infections, skin infections, and urinary tract infections. It is the drug of choice for the treatment of infections caused by Campylobacter jejuni. In addition, it has found off-label use as an alternative drug for the treatment of gonorrhea, salmonella, and yersinia... 

Ofloxacin Like norfloxacin, ofloxacin [oh FLOX a sin] is primarily used in the treatment of prostatitis due to E. coH and of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) with the exception of syphilis. It may be used as alternative therapy in patients with gonorrhea. It has some benefit in the treatment of skin and lower respiratory tract infections. 

Clarithromycin is indicated for the treatment of mild to moderate upper and lower respiratory tract infections as well as skin infections caused by susceptible strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, H. influenzae, Legionella pneumophila, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. The usual dosage is 250 to 500 mg twice a day for 7 to 14 days. 

Joshi M, Bernstein J, Solomkin J, Wester BA, Kuye O. Piperacillin/tazobactam plus tobramycin versus ceftazidime plus tobramycin for the treatment of patients with nosocomial lower respiratory tract infection. Piperacillin/ Tazobactam Nosocomial Pneumonia Study Group. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999 43(3) 389-97. 

Ball P, File TM, Twynholm M, Henkel T. Efficacy and safety of gemifloxacin 320 mg once-daily for 7 days in the treatment of adult lower respiratory tract infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2001 18(l) 19-27. 

Ribavirin is a virustatic agent approved for administration as an aerosol for the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections caused by respiratory syncytial virus [93,94]. However, its therapeutic efficacy in this disease has come into question of late [95]. A newer group of antiviral agents have been developed that... 

An appropriate treatment regimen for the patient with uncomplicated lower respiratory tract infection usually can be established by patient history, physical examination, chest radiograph, and properly collected sputum for culture interpreted in light of current knowledge of the most common lung pathogens and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns within one s community. 

Ribavirin is indicated in the treatment of carefully selected hospitalized infants and young children with severe lower respiratory tract infections due to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). In addition, ribavirin (600 to 1800 mg/day for 10 to 14 days) has shown effectiveness in acute and chronic hepatitis, herpes genitalis, measles, and Lassa fever. 

TICARCILLIN/CLAVULANATE POTASSIUM (Timentin powder for injection 3 g ticarcillin (as disodium) and 0.1 g clavulanic acid (as potassium) (contains 4.75 mEq sodium and 0.15 mEq potassium/g), injection solution 3 g ticarcillin (as disodium) and 0.1 g clavulanic acid (as potassium) per 100 mL (contains 18.7 mEq sodium and 0.5 mEq potassium per 100 mL)) Ticarcillin/clavulanate potassium is an extended-spectrum penicillin. Ticarcillin inhibits bacterial cell wall mucopep-tide synthesis. Clavulanate lactamase enzymes are commonly found in microorganisms resistant to ticarcillin. They are indicated in the treatment of bacterial septicemia, skin and skin structure infections, lower respiratory tract infections, bone and joint infections, GU and gynecologic infections, and intra-abdominal infections caused by susceptible strains of bacteria. 

Clarithromycin has been compared with amoxicillin suspension in the treatment of children with lower respiratory tract infections. No significant differences were seen between the groups with respect to clinical cure rates and incidence and severity of adverse events, which generally were mild [35], Five days of treatment with clarithromycin suspension was superior to 10 days of penicillin suspension in eradicating Streptococcus pyogenes in children with streptococcal pharyngitis [36]. 

Neu, H. C., and Chick, T. W. (1993). Efficacy and safety of clarithromycin compared to cefixime as outpatient treatment of lower respiratory tract infections. Chest 104, 1393-1399. 

Macklin, J. L., James, I., Kearsley, N. J., and Coles, S. J. (1993). A single-blind, randomised, comparative study of clarithromycin and amoxycillin suspensions in the treatment of children with lower respiratory tract infections. J. Chemother. 5, 174-180. 

Laurent, K. (1996). Efficacy, safety and tolerability of azithromycin versus roxithromycin in the treatment of acute lower respiratory tract infections. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 37, 115-124. 

Tilyard, M. W., and Dovey, S. M. (1992). A randomized double-blind controlled trial of roxithromycin and cefaclor in the treatment of acute lower respiratory tract infections in general practice. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 15, 97S-101S. 

Daniel, R. (1991). Simplified treatment of acute lower respiratory tract infection with azithromycin A comparison with erythromycin and amoxycillin. European Azithromycin Study Group. J. Int. Med. Res. 19, 373-383. 

Balmes, P., Clerc, G., Dupont, B., Labram, C., Pariente, R., and Poirier, R. (1991). Comparative study of azithromycin and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 10, 437-439. 

Bradbury, F. (1993). Comparison of azithromycin versus clarithromycin in the treatment of patients with lower respiratory tract infection. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 31, 153-162. 

Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic widely used for the treatment of upper and lower respiratory tract infections. Recent reports further showed that EM and its analogues are effective for the treatment of chronic airway diseases such as DPB, bronchial asthma, and chronic sinusitis [5, 15, 32]. This effectiveness is considered to be apart from their antimicrobial actions, because they are effective at half of the recommended dosage and even in cases without concomitant infection. Its precise mechanisms, however, remain unclear. Several cytokines including IL-1, TNF-a, and IL-8 have been reported to be elevated in HALF from patients with such airway inflammatory diseases (Table II), and to be decreased... 

Ceftazidime is profusely recommended for use in the treatment of bone and joint infections, CNS-infections, gynecological infections, lower respiratory tract infections, septicemia, skin and UTIs. 

Fungal Infections Although fxmgal upper respiratory tract colonisation and infections are known adverse effects of inhaled corticosteroids, only recently a fxmgal lower respiratory fracf infection, and more specifically a case of Candida pneumonia in a neonate, was attributed to ICS [11 ]. The neonate received inhaled beclomethasone therapy (400 xg, six times a day) for bronchopulmonary dysplasia. After 20 days of freafment, the patient developed a lower respiratory tract infection. Klebsiella pneumoniae was isolated in fhe fracheal aspirate and treated with amnxirillin-clavulanate without clinical improvement. A week later, bronchoscopy was performed and extended candidiasis was found and treated successfully with fluconazole. Candida pneumonia secondary to airway colonisation is rare and in this case, it was likely provoked by the ICS treatment. 

Kjolhede CL, Chew FJ, Gadomski AM, Marroquin DP (1995) Clinical trial of vitamin A as adjuvant treatment for lower respiratory tract infections. J Pediat 126 807-812... 

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