Multiple sclerosis depression

Luo, J., J. H. Yin, H. Z. Wu, and Q. Wei. Extract from Fructus cannabis activating calcineurin improved learning and memory in mice with chemical drug-induced dysmnesia. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2003 24(11) 1137-1142. Degenhardt, L., W. Hall, and M. Lynskey. Exploring the association between cannabis use and depression. Addiction 2003 98(11) 1493-1504. Zajicek, J., P. Pox, H. Sanders, et al. Cannabinoids for treatment of spasticity and other symptoms related to multiple sclerosis (CAMS study) multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2003 362(9395) 1517-1526. 

Uniabeied Uses Treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, brain injury-re-lafed underarousal, depression, endozepine stupor, multiple sclerosis-related fatigue, parkinson-related fatigue, seasonal affective disorder... 

Brain lesions that produce depression can be divided into structural and biochemical types. Any disease that produces a mass lesion or deficit in the frontal lobes can cause a depressive syndrome. Typically, occurrence and severity are correlated with proximity to the tip of the frontal lobe rather than to the extent of motor function loss. The most extensively studied lesions are strokes, but tumors and plaques related to multiple sclerosis can both produce similar results. 

Medical marijuana remains a controversial topic, but synthetic THC, dronabinol, marketed under the trade name Marinol, has been available by prescription since 1986. The dronabinol analog nabilone is another THC prescription drug marketed under the name Cesamet. Marinol and Cesamet, taken as capsules, have Food Drug Administration approval as an antinausea agent and appetite stimulant (for AIDS patients), but they are also prescribed for depression and muscle spasms. In 2005, Canada was the first country to approve Sativex, a cannabis spray that relieves pain in people with multiple sclerosis. 

Whereas many metabolic defects affect only a small number of individuals, emotional illnesses including depression, schizophrenia, and other affective disorders at one time or another afflict a large fraction of the population. Autism affects thousands of children.1055 Parkinson disease and Alzheimer disease are just two of a number of degenerative neural diseases attacking older people. Less commonly, young persons contact multiple sclerosis and muscular dystrophy, which is often a disease of neuromuscular junctions. 

Regulation of homocysteine metabolism appears to be especially important in the central nervous system, presumably because of the critical role of methyl transfer reactions in the production of neurotransmitters and other methylated products. It has been known for decades that mental retardation is a feature of the genetic diseases, such as CBS deficiency, that cause severe hyperhomocysteinemia and ho-mocystinuria. Impaired cognitive function is also seen in pernicious anemia, which causes hyperhomocysteinemia due to deficiency of cobalamin (see Chapter 28). Hyperhomocysteinemia also may be linked to depression, schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer s disease. The molecular mechanisms underlying these clinical associations have not yet been delineated. 

The emotional state of 90 patients with relapsing-remit-ting multiple sclerosis has been carefully assessed with a battery of psychological tests at baseline and after 1 and 2 years of treatment with interferon beta-lb (401). In contrast to what was expected, and despite the lack of controls, there was significant improvement in emotional state, as shown by significant reductions in scores of anxiety and depression over time. In addition, there was no effect of low-dose oral glucocorticoids in a subgroup of 46 patients. 

Although isolated reports of psychotic delusional symptoms and depression continue to be published (404), recent controlled trials or longitudinal studies have not provided evidence of an increase in depression scores or in the rate of depression in patients treated with interferon beta (SEDA-27, 389). In a meta-analysis of seven trials in 1215 patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis, the incidence of depression was 16% and did not differ between interferon-beta and controls, but the scales used to assess depression were specified in only three trials (405). Using a public reimbursement database for multiple sclerosis, the prevalence and incidence of depression and depression scores were not different in 163 patients treated with interferon beta or glatiramer, but the study was poorly controlled for potential biases (406). Overall, the current data suggest that interferon-beta is not substantially associated with depression. 

Feinstein A. Multiple sclerosis, disease modifying treatments and depression a critical methodological review. Mult Scler 2000 6(5) 343-8. 

Zephir H, De Seze J, Stojkovic T, Delisse B, Ferriby D, Cabaret M, Vermersch P. Multiple sclerosis and depression influence of interferon beta therapy. Mult Scler 2003 9(3) 284—8. 

Feinstein A, O Connor P, Feinstein K. Multiple sclerosis, interferon beta-lb and depression. A prospective investigation. J Neurol 2002 249(7) 815-20. 

Mohr DC, Likosky W, Dwyer P, Van Der Wende J, Boudewyn AC, Goodkin DE. Course of depression during the initiation of interferon beta-la treatment for multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol 1999 56(10) 1263-5. 

Patten SB, Fridhandler S, Beck CA, Metz LM. Depressive symptoms in a treated multiple sclerosis cohort. Mult Scler 2003 9 616-20. 

Patten SB, Francis G, Metz LM, Lopez-Bresnahan M, Chang P, Curtin F. The relationship between depression and interferon beta-la therapy in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2005 11 175-81. 

May be useful to treat fatigue In patients with depression as well as other disorders, such as multiple sclerosis, myotonic dystrophy, HIV/AIDS... 

Multiple Sclerosis (abbreviated MS, also known as disseminated sclerosis or encephalomyelids disseminata) a chronic, inflammatory, demyelinadng disease that affects the cend al nervous system (CNS). MS can cause a variety of symptoms, including changes in sensadon, visual problems, muscle weakness, depression, difficuldes with coordinadon and speech, severe fadgue, cognidve impairment, problems with balance, overheadng, and pain. 

Another problem facing the diagnosis of depression or mania is the fact that other medical conditions can cause similar symptoms. Among them are illnesses such as thyroid diseases, infectious diseases (the flu), cancers of the central nervous system, neurological disorders (multiple sclerosis), blood diseases, and even some reactions to metal toxicity. 

Mikova O, Yakimova R, Bosmans E, Kenis G, Maes M (2001) Increased serum tumor necrosis factor alpha concentrations in major depression and multiple sclerosis. Eur Neuropsychophar-macol 11 203-208. 

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