Liver chronic

Acute exposure of rats to 1,2-dichloroethane caused disseminated haemorrhagic lesions, mainly in the liver chronic exposure caused degeneration of the liver and tubular damage and necrosis of the kidneys (lARC, 1979). The limited organ toxicity of... 

Kennedy PTF, O Grady J. Diseases of the liver. Chronic liver disease. Hosp Pharmacist 2002 9 137-144. 

Oxidation and synthesis of fat Chronic—Increased activities of enzymes associated with fat oxidation in liver, increased expression of mRNA for genes associated with fat oxidation in small intestine, decreased respiratory quotient. Decreased activities of enzymes associated with fat synthesis in liver. Chronic—Decreased respiratory quotient over 36 hours. ... 

Chronic exposure to some common chlorophenoxy herbicides such as 2,4-D through drinking water can potentially cause damage to the nervous system, kidneys, and liver. Chronic exposure to 2,4-D has also been linked to immune system suppression and endocrine disruption. Carcinogenic potential of these herbicides is not clear. 2,4-D and MCPA, which are commonly used in wheat production, have been linked to birth defects. 

In animals, HCl is a severe irritant of the eyes and respiratory system. The 30 min LC50 values in rats and mice are 4701 and 2644 ppm, respectively. Animals exposed to high concentrations of HCl gas developed necrosis of the tracheal and bronchial epithelium, pulmonary edema, atelectasis, emphysema, and damage to the pulmonary blood vessels and liver. Chronic exposure to 10 ppm for 6hday for life did not cause neoplastic lesions or serious irritant effects in the nasal epithelium of rats. In experimental animals, exposure to a concentration of 1350 ppm hydrogen chloride gas caused clouding of the cornea after 1.5 h and exposure to 3000 ppm for 6 h caused slight erosion of the corneal epithelium. 

In male and female mice exposed to 50 000 ppm o-toluidine for 7 weeks, pigment deposition was noted in the spleen, kidneys, and liver. Chronic exposure to o-toluidine can cause effects on the spleen, liver, urinary bladder, and blood (methemoglobinemia and reticulocytosis) in laboratory animals. The hydrochloride salt of o-toluidine was carcinogenic in rats and mice. 

Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis Cirrhosis of the liver Chronic active hepatitis Sarcoidosis... 

Includes alcoholic fatty liver, chronic persistent hepatitis. 

Liver Chronic Fatty liver- cinhosis, decreased tolerance to xenobiotics... 

Studies in rats and dogs exposed to plutonium for 1 day have indicated that plutonium via inhalation causes cancer. At various times following high doses of plutonium, tumors were found primarily in the lung, but also in the skeleton and liver. Chronic studies of animals exposed to plutonium via inhalation would be useful in order to compare the type of cancers that may occur and the onset of these effects to those reported in single-dose studies. Epidemiological studies have been equivocal. Most epidemiological studies of occupationally exposed individuals have consistently reported fewer cancer deaths in exposed cohorts than in an unexposed cohort or in the normal population. 

Approximately 10% of ingested silver is absorbed, and it can also be absorbed from the lungs. Once absorbed it tends to precipitate in tissues and forms complexes with serum proteins which are accumulated in the liver. Chronic exposure in silver workers has resulted in industrial argyria (blue-grey patches on the skin), with the amount of discolouration increasing with increasing exposure time. 

The vapors of aHyl chloride are very irritating to the eyes, nose, and throat. Lung injury may be delayed in onset. Liver and kidney injury can result from exposure to vapors kidney injury is expected to be most severe in acute exposures. High concentrations of vapor can be lethal. FoHowing chronic exposures to the vapors, Hver injury would be expected to occur first (23). 

Chronic Health Effect A chronic health effect is an adverse health effect resulting from long-term exposure to a substance. The effects could be a skin rash, bronchitis, cancer, or any other medical condition. An example would be liver cancer from inhaling low levels of benzene at your workplace over several years. The term is also applied to a persistent (months, years, or permanent) adverse health effect resulting from a short-term (acute) exposure. Chronic effects from long-term exposure to chemicals are fairly common. Recognize the PEL (permissible exposure level) for each substance in your workplace and minimize your exposure whenever possible. 

Hepatic Hepatic means "pertaining to the liver." For example, hepatitis is inflammation of the liver. Liver disorders are sometimes marked by jaundice, a yellowish coloration to the whites of the eyes and skin. Certain chemicals are hepatotoxins (toxic to the liver), usually as a result of chronic exposure. One example is carbon tetrachloride (CCI4). 

Late Toxicity - Where there is evidence that a chemical can cause cancer, mutagenic effects, teratogenic effects, or delayed injury to vital organs such as the liver or kidney, a qualitative description of the chemical is given. The term implies long-term or chronic effects due to exposure to the chemical. 

Toxic effects often disappear after the cessation of the exposure, but they can also be permanent. The tissue s ability to regenerate is one of the most important factors that determines the nature of toxic effects. For example, liver tissue has a remarkable capacity to regenerate, and therefore liver injur> is often reversible. On the other hand, neuronal cells do not regenerate at all, thus neuronal injury is irreversible. It is true that neuronal cells can compensate for possible losses, but only to a minor degree. In particular, chronic effects tend to be irreversible. ... 

Ulll TABLE S. 14 Chemical Compounds that Induce Chronic Liver Damage... 

Hepatitis is acute or chronic inflammation of the liver, which is frequently caused by infection with hepato-tropic viruses. Several forms of viral hepatitis (A, B, C, D, E) are known, which result from infection with viruses belonging to separate virus families, differing in their genomic organization, replication strategies, morphology and modes of transmission. 

HBV infection remains a major worldwide public health problem. The World Health Organization estimates that there are still 350 million chronic carriers of the vims, who are at risk of developing chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The success of IFN-a treatment - mainly performed as combined treatment with adenine-arabinoside - has been measured by the normalization of liver enzymes, loss of HBe antigen and of detectable viral DNA in the serum of patients. It has been estimated from several clinical trials that as many as 40% of treated HBV patients would respond to therapy with IFN-a or combined treatment with nucleoside analogues and IFN-a. 

Unphysiologically high levels of NO formed by iNOS expressed in tissues (e.g., liver, stomach, and lung) with chronic inflammation following infections of... 

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