Wheat production

Grades and grade requirements for all U.S. wheat classes are given in Table 2. Values of the total domestic consumption of wheat products as foods in the United States are Hsted in Ref. 50. 

Additional basic wheat products are wheat berry (kernel), bulgar, cracked wheat, wheat germ, bran, and commercial cereals. See Ref. 56 for more information on wheat science technology. 

W. T. Yama2aki and C. T. Greenwood, eds.. Soft Wheat Production, Milling Uses, American Association of Cereal Chemists, St. Paul, Minn., 1981. 

Starch is a polysaccharide found in many plants, where it is stored in roots and seeds. It is particularly abundant in corn and potatoes, the major sources of commercial starch. Perhaps as much as 50% of our food energy comes from starch, mostly in the form of wheat products. 

Nearly 1.1 million ha of rice were planted in the US in 2012, yielding an average of 8.3 Mg ha-1 for a total production of 9.0 Tg of rice prior to milling, compared to 23 million ha planted with an average yield of 3.1 Mg ha-1 for a total of 62 Tg of wheat production, and over 39 million ha of planted maize with average yields of 7.7 Mg ha-1 for a total production of 274 Tg [11]. 

Biswas WK, Barton L, Carter D. Global Warming Potential of Wheat Production in South Western Australia a Life Cycle Assessment. Water and Environment Journal. 2008 22(3) 206-216.DOI 10.1111/j.l747-6593.2008.00127.x... 

Sustainable rates of sewage sludge for dryland winter wheat production 1. Soil nitrogen and heavy metals. J Prod Agri 1990 3 60-65. 

Cereal grains ready to eat and processed cereal products except durum wheat products, bread, cookies and fine pastries 500 50... 

In the case of bread for coeliacs all possibilities of contamination by wheat products, even at a trace level has to avoided. There is also the problem of getting the loaf to rise in the absence of gluten. 

Zearalenone was also found to be more effective than cytokinin treatment in inducing shoots in in vitro winter wheat production. Moreover, both zearalenone and cytokinins increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes in wheat callus undergoing regeneration, and it is very likely that they also stimulated the plant regeneration process (Szechynska-Hebda et al. 2007). The effectiveness of regeneration on media containing zearalenone shows the possibility of using zearalenone as an alternative hormone also to cytokinins in winter wheat callus culture. 

When I brushed my teeth my gums would swell and bleed, and I became allergic to a lot of foods that had never bothered me before. My diet changed dramatically. Yeast, dairy and wheat products make me sick. I had to start reading labels and shopping in the health food stores. 

Nielsen et al. (39) used pea flour and pea protein concentrate, both cooked and raw, in noodles and spaghetti. The pasta was made from composite flours prepared by blending 33% pea flour with 67% wheat flour or 20% pea concentrate with 80% wheat flour. Protein content of the fortified noodles was approximately one-third higher than the wheat flour noodles. Addition of pea flour reduced the cooking time, but resulted in a softer product and lower yield than the wheat pastas. Precooking the pea flour improved flavor and decreased noodle dough stickiness, but the texture and yield of the cooked pasta was still less than that of wheat products. 

Girish GK, Kumar A. 1975. Studies on the residues in wheat and wheat products fumigated with ethylene dibromide. Bull Grain Technol 13 131-135. 

An epidemic of intoxication from ingestion of fish contaminated with methyl mercury occurred in the Minamata district in Japan, and, as a result, methyl mercury intoxication is often referred to as Minamata disease." Infants born to mothers with exposure to large amounts of methyl mercury had microen-cephaly, mental retardation, and cerebral palsy with convulsions. In an incidence in Iraq, ingestion of wheat products contaminated with methyl mercury fungicide by pregnant women caused similar symptoms of neurological damage and mental retardation. The fetus is... 

Conservation agroecosystems developed in the Great Plains of the U.S. to control soil erosion are characterized by the presence of varying quantities of plant residues on the soil surface. This residue mulch protects the soil from the erosive forces of wind and water, resulting in improved stream water quality and soil conservation. Conservation tillage systems also help maintain soil productivity and reduce energy requirements of crop production (15). However, crop yield reduction has been observed with conservation wheat production in some areas of the U.S. (16-18) and with rice culture in the Far East (, 20). 

Allelopathic Influences on No Tillage Versus Conventional Tillage in Wheat Production... 

Wheat Products and Amino Acid Availability. As a protein source, wheat is limited by its content of lysine. 

Other workers (115-124 for example) have also centered their efforts on the role of phytic acid on zinc and iron bioavailabiliy from both soy and wheat products. It has been suggested (120) that the phytate-to-zinc molar ratio could be used to predict zinc bioavailability in high-phytate foods. Several groups (115, 117), including ours (113), 1 least partially supporT this hypothesis. However, recent work from our laboratory (112) involving soy protein of similar phytate-to-zinc molar ratios clearly demonstrates that zinc bioavailability is also altered by food processing. In this study, zinc from neutralized soy concentrates and isolates was shown to be less available to the rat than was the corresponding acid-precipitated products. This is unfortunate as alkaline conditions are commonly utilized for soy and other plant proteins to obtain beneficial functional properties. 

Brentrup, F., Kiisters, J., Lammel, J., Barraclough, P. and Kuhlmann, H. 2004. Environmental impact assessment of agricultural production systems using the life cycle assessment methodology. II. The application to N fertilizer use in winter wheat production systems. European Journal of Agronomy 20(3) 265-279. 

Deria, A.M., Bell, R.W. and O Hara, G.W. 2003. Organic wheat production and soil nutrient... 

Tamis, W.L.M., and van den Brink, W.J. 1999. GonventionaJ, integrated and organic winter wheat production in the Netherlands in the period 1993-1997. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 76 47-59. 

The protocol developed by Holm et al. (1986) was evaluated by analysis of starch content in wheat starch, white wheat flour, whole-grain wheat, and industrially processed wheat products. The major advantage of this protocol over the Basic Protocol is its reduced cost. The chemicals for the reagent preparations and the enzymes are purchased directly from the companies that produce them. The original method did not include RS3 (resistant starch) in its quantitation. A DMSO treatment step has been added (step 4) to solve this problem. 

B Hakansson, M Jagerstad, R Oste. Determination of vitamin E in wheat products by HPLC. J Mi-cronutr Anal 3 307-318, 1987. 

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