Chloride cell

Zinc chloride cell Zinc-chlorine cell Zinc chromate... 

Abam Engineers, Final Report on Process Engineering andEconomic Evaluations of Diaphragm and Membrane Chloride Cell Technologies, ANL/OEPM-80-9, Argonne National Laboratories, Argonne, lU., Dec. 1980. 

In the 2inc chloride cell, precipitated basic 2inc chloride is the primary anode product because of the low concentration of ammonium chloride in the cell. Water and 2inc chloride are consumed in equations 1 and 7 and must be provided in adequate amounts for the cell to discharge efficiendy. Usually more carbon is used in 2inc chloride cells than in Led an chit cells in order to increase the electrolyte absorptivity of the cathode and thus allow the use of a larger volume of electrolyte. Also, the use of a thin paper separator, which decreases internal resistance, allows less space for water storage than the thick, pasted separator constmction traditionally used in Leclanchn cells. 

Cylindrical alkaline cells are 2inc—manganese dioxide cells having an alkaline electrolyte, which are constmcted in the standard cylindrical si2es, R20 "D", R14 "C", R6 "AA", R03 "AAA", as well as a few other less common si2es. They can be used in the same types of devices as ordinary Leclanchn and 2inc chloride cells. Moreover, the high level of performance makes them ideally suited for appHcations such as toys, audio devices, and cameras. 

Lithium—Thionyl Chloride Cells. Lidiium—thionyi chloride cells have very high energy density. One of the main reasons is the nature of the ceU reaction. 

A battery system closely related to Na—S is the Na—metal chloride cell (70). The cell design is similar to Na—S however, ia additioa to the P-alumiaa electrolyte, the cell also employs a sodium chloroalumiaate [7784-16-9J, NaAlCl, molten salt electrolyte. The positive electrode active material coasists of a transitioa metal chloride such as iroa(Il) chloride [7758-94-3] EeQ.25 or nickel chloride [7791-20-0J, NiQ.25 (71,72) in Heu of molten sulfur. This technology is in a younger state of development than the Na—S. 

The zinc chloride cell, which was first patented in 1899, IS actually an adaptation of the Leclanche cell. The major innovation was the development of plastic seals that permitted the replacement of animoliitim chloride in the electrolyte. 

Figure 2. Schematic semi-ideal discharge curves of Mn02 in 9 mol L 1 and 5 mol L 1 NH4CI2 + 2 mol L l ZnCl2 solutions. IL, range of discharge capacity of commercial alkaline MnO, - Zn R2, range of discharge capacity of commercial Leclanche or zinc chloride cells.

Measurement of conductivity of a fibre. If a fibre is impregnated with an electrolyte, such as lithium chloride, its electrical resistance will be governed by its moisture content, which in turn depends on the humidity of the atmosphere in which it is situated, Iri a lithium chloride cell, a skein of very fine fibres is wound on a plastic frame carrying the electrodes and the current flowing at a constant applied voltage gives a direct measure of the relative humidity. 

Isolated unperturbed polyoxyethylene chains have been simulated on the 2nnd lattice [154], The literature contains RIS models for a large number of polyethers [124], and it is likely that most of these chains could be mapped onto the 2nnd lattice with little difficulty. It is also likely that the work on PP [156,158] can be extended to other vinyl polymers, such as poly(vinyl chloride). This capability should permit the construction and complete equilibration of amorphous poly(vinyl chloride) cells larger than those described to date. They may be large enough to address issues arising from the weak crystallization reported for these systems [174]. 

An experimental investigation of explosion hazards in lithium-sulfinyl chloride cells on forced discharge showed cathode limited cells are safe, but anode limited cells may explode without warning signs [1]. Extended reversal at -40°C caused explosion on warming to ambient temperature, owing to thermal runaway caused by accelerated corrosion of lithium [2], The violent explosion of a large prismatic cell of a battery is described [3], Another study of explosion mechanisms in lithium/thionyl chloride batteries is reported [4]... 

G. aculeatus 10.0 Exposure as above 80% dead in 2 months. Survivors had gill histopathology and abnormal gill chloride cells and liver hepatocytes 45... 

Figure 2. Sodium and chloride uptake across an idealised freshwater-adapted gill epithelium (chloride cell), which has the typical characteristics of ion-transporting epithelia in eukaryotes. In the example, the abundance of fixed negative charges (muco-proteins) in the unstirred layer may generate a Donnan potential (mucus positive with respect to the water) which is a major part of the net transepithelial potential (serosal positive with respect to water). Mucus also contains carbonic anhydrase (CA) which facilitates dissipation of the [H+] and [HCO(] to CO2, thus maintaining the concentration gradients for these counter ions which partly contribute to Na+ import (secondary transport), whilst the main driving force is derived from the electrogenic sodium pump (see the text for details). Large arrow indicates water flow...

Marshall, W. S. and Bryson, S. E. (1998). Transport mechanisms of seawater teleost chloride cells an inclusive model of a multifunctional cell, Comp. Biochem. Physiol, 119A, 97-106. 

Pisam, M., Carott, A. and Rambourg, A. (1987). Two types of chloride cells in the gill epithelium of a freshwater adapted euryhaline fish Lebistes reticularis. Their modifications during adaptation to saltwater, Am. J. Anat., 179, 40-50. 

Lithium tetrahydridothallate(III), 24 632 Lithium tetrahydroborate, physical properties of, 4 194t Lithium—thionyl chloride cells, 3 466 characteristics, 3 462t speciality for military and medical use, 3 430t... 

The optical path length of an infrared cell can be determined using the method shown in the text. Determine the optical path lengths for the following sodium chloride cells. 

The method used for sample preparation depends upon the nature of the sample. Liquids are easily examined as films formed when one drop of the liquid is squeezed between two flat sodium chloride plates, which arc transparent to IR radiation in the 4000-666 cm region. Solids can be examined as solutions, mulls in Nujol, or as potassium bromide discs. For solutions, a 5% solution of the solid is introduced into a sodium chloride cell, which is usually 1 mm thick. The solvent employed should be reasonably transparent to IR, and the background should be obtained with the cell containing the solvent only. 

The so-called zinc chloride cells are basically Leclanche cells in which the ammonium chloride has been completely, or almost completely, replaced by ZnCl2. (Up to 1 % of NH4CI is reported to improve high rate performance.) The resulting cells have a better service capacity at high current drain, at low temperatures and on continuous discharge. 

Fig. 3.18 Cross-section of a D-size zinc chloride cell, (By courtesy of Union Carbide,)...

The improved performance of the ZnCl2 cell is offset by the higher cost incurred through using a better quality cathode mix and more complex fabrication due to the requirement of more reliable seals. Since the improvement in performance out-matches the price differential between Leclanche and zinc chloride cells, there is an increasing tendency to phase out the classical Leclanche formulation in favour of the latter. The best zinc chloride cells, sometimes referred to as extra heavy duty (EHD), have at least twice the service life of even the best Leclanche cells. 

In recent years, there have been further improvements in the performance of zinc chloride cells. These have been brought about principally by use of laser welding to increase the internal active volume, and by improvements to materials, especially by synthesizing acetylene black with optimized surface area and water absorption characteristics. 

The alkaline manganese dioxide cell is most widely available either as standard sized cylindrical cells with capacities ranging from 0.6 to 22 Ah or as button cells. Batteries having a wide variety of capacities and voltages are also readily available. These are all interchangeable with Leclanche and zinc chloride cells. 

Fig, 3.22 Comparison of the performances of Zn-Mn02 primary systems under 2,25 ft continuous lest (a) standard Lcclanchfi cell based on natural ore (b) high power Leclanche cell based on electrolytic Mn02 (c) zinc chloride cell (d) alkaline manganese cell... 

D-size cells on 2.25 O continuous test are reported. Cell (a) is a standard Leclanchd cell using a natural ore cell (b) is a HD Leclanche with electrolyte Mn02 cell (c) is a zinc chloride cell and cell (d) is an alkaline manganese primary unit. The differences at this current drain are striking the discharge capacities with a 0.9 V cut-off are in the ratio 0.12 0.24 0.55 1.00 for the four types. However, when less severe tests are considered, the disparities are less pronounced. Thus for the light industrial flashlight (LIF) test, the ratios are 0.40 0.61 0.96 1.00. 

OCV values fall in the range 1.6-1.9 V, and an energy density as high as 165 Wh/kg can be attained. Magnesium-lead chloride cells have energy densities up to 100 Whfkg. 

Fig. 4.34 Schematic structure of D-size lilhium-thionyl chloride cells (a) high energy type (b) high power type...

Fig. 4.35 Discharge curves of D-size lithium-thionyl chloride cells at ambient temperature (a) 3.0 A (b) 1.0 A (c) 0.1 A...

Lithium-thionyl chloride cells are also constructed as reserve batteries... 

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