Lithium materials

J.H. Park, Intermetallic and Electrical Insulator Coatings on High-Temperature Alloys in Liquid Lithium Materials and... 

MUK 78] Murphy D.W., DiSalvo F.J., Caeides J.N., et al, Topochemical reactions of rutile related structures with lithium , Materials Research Bulletin, vol. 13, pp. 1395-1402, 1978. 

These TF batteries use a lithium-phosphorous-oxynitride (LiPON) ceramic electrolyte that was developed by ORNL. The battery cathode is made of lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoOj) and the anode is made from lithium. Both the cathode and anode contain no liquid or environmentally hazardous material. Even though the lithium material is slightly toxic, the small amount of lithium in the microbattery would not cause a fire if the hermetic seal was broken. Thus, the battery offers optimum reliability and the safest operation over its stated life. 

The United States has only 35% of the world s zinc supply, which currently stands at 1.8 gigatons (1.8 x 10 tons). Zinc-air battery designers predict that 21 months worth of global zinc production could be used to manufacture 1 billion 10 kWh zinc air cells. By contrast, it would take 180 years worth of lithium material to make an equivalent amount of Li-ion batteries. Because most of the supply of lithium is located outside of the United States, Li-ion batteries would have to made outside of the United States. In addition, Li-ion batteries require charging... 

This section identifies the materials most suitable for rechargeable battery packs for possible applications in EVs and HEVs. While identifying such materials, emphasis has been placed, in particular, on material cost and battery performance, including reliability and longevity. Because nickel and lithium materials are the most ideal materials for automobile rechargeable batteries, these materials will be discussed in detail with an emphasis on reliability and safety under harsh temperature and mechanical environments. Hereafter, discussion limited to Li-ion rechargeable batteries will be given serious consideration. 

Lithium batteries can benefit from nanostructured electrodes (i.e., anode and cathode) that combine large electric capacity by accommodating as many lithium ions as possible with short diffusion paths. The most widely used anode material is graphite, where fithium ions intercalate between graphite layers. A battery with lithium ions chemically intercalated in an anode composed of a non-lithium material is usually called a lithium ion battery. In order to improve battery capacity, lithium metal has been studied as anode material. A battery with lithium metal anode is called a lithium... 

Lithium aluminium hydride if carelessly manipulated may be dangerous for two distinct reasons. The material is caustic, and should not be allowed to touch the skin it is particularly important that the finely divided material should be kept away from the lips, nostrils and eyes, and consequently pulverisation in a mortar must be carried out with the mortar in a fume-cupboard, and with the window drawn down as far as possible in front of the operator. This danger from handling has however been greatly reduced, for the hydride is now sold in stated amounts as a coarse powder enclosed in a polythene bag in a metal container this powder dissolves readily in ether, and preliminary pulverisation is unnecessary. 

The reaction product is cooled to room temperature, is washed with 10 ml of H2O to the purpose of removing lithium iodide and is then dehydrated over NaiS04. 3.57 g is obtained of dimethoxy-phenylacetone (III), as determined by gas-chromatographic analysis with an inner standard of 4,4 -dimethoxybeniophenone. The yield of ketone (III) relative to the olefin ( ) used as the starting material is of 87.1%. 

Difunctional target molecules are generally easily disconnected in a re/ro-Michael type transform. As an example we have chosen a simple symmetrical molecule, namely 4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2,6-heptanedione. Only p-anisaldehyde and two acetone equivalents are needed as starting materials. The antithesis scheme given helow is self-explanatory. The aldol condensation product must be synthesized first and then be reacted under controlled conditions with a second enolate (e.g. a silyl enolate plus TiCl4 or a lithium enolate), enamine (M. Pfau, 1979), or best with acetoacetic ester anion as acetone equivalents. 

Some industrial processes produce predorninately latent air conditioning loads. Others dictate very low humidities and when the dew point falls below 0°C, free2ing becomes a major concern. Dehydration equipment, using soHd sorbents such as siUca gel and activated alurnina, or Hquid sorbents such as lithium chloride brine and triethylene glycol, may be used. The process is exothermic and may require cooling the exiting air stream to meet space requirements. Heat is also required for reactivation of the sorbent material. 

Properties. Lithium fluoride [7789-24-4] LiF, is a white nonhygroscopic crystaUine material that does not form a hydrate. The properties of lithium fluoride are similar to the aLkaline-earth fluorides. The solubility in water is quite low and chemical reactivity is low, similar to that of calcium fluoride and magnesium fluoride. Several chemical and physical properties of lithium fluoride are listed in Table 1. At high temperatures, lithium fluoride hydroly2es to hydrogen fluoride when heated in the presence of moisture. A bifluoride [12159-92-17, LiF HF, which forms on reaction of LiF with hydrofluoric acid, is unstable to loss of HF in the solid form. 

Manufacture. Lithium fluoride is manufactured by the reaction of lithium carbonate or lithium hydroxide with dilute hydrofluoric acid. If the lithium carbonate is converted to the soluble bicarbonate, insolubles can be removed by filtration and a purer lithium fluoride can be made on addition of hydrofluoric acid (12). High purity material can also be made from other soluble lithium salts such as the chloride or nitrate with hydrofluoric acid or ammonium bifluoride (13). 

Optical crystals of high purity lithium fluoride are grown by use of the Stockbarger process (10) in sizes to 25 cm dia x 25 cm high (14). Typical commercial material contains 99.2% LiF typical impurities include Li CO and Fe202 at <0.1% levels, and and heavy metals as Pb at <0.01%... 

Only certain types of crystalline materials can exhibit second harmonic generation (61). Because of symmetry considerations, the coefficient must be identically equal to zero in any material having a center of symmetry. Thus the only candidates for second harmonic generation are materials that lack a center of symmetry. Some common materials which are used in nonlinear optics include barium sodium niobate [12323-03-4] Ba2NaNb O lithium niobate [12031 -63-9] LiNbO potassium titanyl phosphate [12690-20-9], KTiOPO beta-barium borate [13701 -59-2], p-BaB204 and lithium triborate... 

Lithium Carbonate. Lithium carbonate [554-13-2], Li2C02, is produced in industrial processes from the reaction of sodium carbonate and Hthium sulfate or Hthium chloride solutions. The reaction is usually performed at higher temperatures because aqueous Hthium carbonate solubiHty decreases with increasing temperatures. The solubiHty (wt %) is 1.52% at 0°C, 1.31% at 20°C, 1.16% at 40°C, 1.00% at 60°C, 0.84% at 80°C, and 0.71% at 100°C. Lithium carbonate is the starting material for reactions to produce many other Hthium salts, including the hydroxide. Decomposition of the carbonate occurs above the 726°C melting point. 

Lithium Niobate. Lithium niobate [12031 -64-9], LiNbO, is normally formed by reaction of lithium hydroxide and niobium oxide. The salt has important uses in switches for optical fiber communication systems and is the material of choice in many electrooptic appHcations including waveguide modulators and sound acoustic wave devices. Crystals of lithium niobate ate usually grown by the Czochralski method foUowed by infiltration of wafers by metal vapor to adjust the index of refraction. 

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