554-13-2 hthium carbonate

An emerging electrochemical appHcation of lithium compounds is in molten carbonate fuel ceUs (qv) for high efficiency, low poUuting electrical power generation. The electrolyte for these fuel ceUs is a potassium carbonate—hthium carbonate eutectic contained within a lithium aluminate matrix. The cathode is a Hthiated metal oxide such as lithium nickel oxide. 

Lithium Carbonate. Lithium carbonate [554-13-2], Li2C02, is produced in industrial processes from the reaction of sodium carbonate and Hthium sulfate or Hthium chloride solutions. The reaction is usually performed at higher temperatures because aqueous Hthium carbonate solubiHty decreases with increasing temperatures. The solubiHty (wt %) is 1.52% at 0°C, 1.31% at 20°C, 1.16% at 40°C, 1.00% at 60°C, 0.84% at 80°C, and 0.71% at 100°C. Lithium carbonate is the starting material for reactions to produce many other Hthium salts, including the hydroxide. Decomposition of the carbonate occurs above the 726°C melting point. 

The molten carbonate fuel ceU uses eutectic blends of Hthium and potassium carbonates as the electrolyte. A special grade of Hthium carbonate is used in treatment of affective mental (mood) disorders, including clinical depression and bipolar disorders. Lithium has also been evaluated in treatment of schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorders, alcoholism, and periodic aggressive behavior (56). 

Lithium Chloride. Lithium chloride [7447- 1-8], LiCl, is produced from the reaction of Hthium carbonate or hydroxide with hydrochloric acid. The salt melts at 608°C and bods at 1382°C. The 41-mol % LiCl—59-mol % KCl eutectic (melting point, 352°C) is employed as the electrolyte in the molten salt electrolysis production of Hthium metal. It is also used, often with other alkaH haHdes, in brazing flux eutectics and other molten salt appHcations such as electrolytes for high temperature Hthium batteries. 

For convenience and simplicity, the electrochemical study of electrode materials is normally made in lithium/(eleetrode material) eells. For earbonaeeous materials, a hthium/carbon eell is made to study electroehemical properties, sueh as eapaeity, voltage, eyeling life, etc.. Lithium/carbon coin cells use metallie lithium foil as the anode and a partieular carbonaceous material as the... 

Lithium may be recovered from natural chloride brines. Such recovery processes may require additional steps depending on the magnesium and calcium content of the brine. The process involves evaporation of brine, followed by removal of sodium chloride and interferring ions such as calcium and magnesium. Calcium is removed by precipitation as sulfate while magnesium is removed by treating the solution with lime upon which insoluble magnesium hydroxide separates out. Addition of sodium carbonate to the filtrate solution precipitates hthium carbonate. 

Lithium bromide is prepared by neutralizing lithium hydroxide or hthium carbonate with an aqueous solution of hydrobromic acid, followed by concentration and crystallization ... 

Lithium hydroxide readily absorbs carbon dioxide, forming hthium carbonate ... 

Mosolov SN [Comparative effectiveness of preventive use of hthium carbonate, carbamazepine and sodium valproate in affective and schizoaffective psychoses]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 91 78-83, 1991... 

Castrogiovanni P. A novel slow-release formulation of hthium carbonate (Carbolithium Once-A-Day) vs standard Carbolithium a comparative pharmacokinetic study. Clin Ter 2002 153(2) 107-15. 

Borras Blasco J, Murcia Lopez A, Romero Crespo I, sir-vent Pedreno A, Navarro Ruiz A. Intoxication aguda por comprimidos de liberation sostenida decarbonato de litio. A proposito de un caso clinico. [Acute intoxication with sustained-release hthium carbonate tablets.] A propos of a case. Farm Hosp 2005 29 140-3. 

Asymptomatic bradycardia occurred in three of 15 patients treated for mania with a 20 mg/kg oral loading dose of slow-release hthium carbonate (74). 

Arakaki T, Miyahira Y, Miyazato H, Arakaki H, Asato Y. A case of serious systemic swelling and erythema following hthium carbonate treatment. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2002 17(Suppl 2) S69. 

Naylor GJ, McHarg A. Profound hypothermia on combined hthium carbonate and diazepam treatment. BMJ 1977 2(6078) 22. 

HUl GE, Wong KC, Hodges MR. Potentiation of succinyl-choline neuromuscular blockade by hthium carbonate. Anesthesiology 1976 44(5) 439 2. 

Dose Serum-Level Monitoring The recommended therapeutic concentration usually is attained by doses of 900-1500 mg of hthium carbonate per day in outpatients and 1200-2400 mg/day in hospitalized manic patients. The optimal dose tends to be larger in younger and heavier individuals. Because of its low therapeutic index, periodic determination of serum concentrations of LL is crucial. LL cannot be used safely in patients who cannot be tested regularly. Concentrations considered to be effective and acceptably safe are between 0.6 and 1.25 mEq/L. The range of 0.9-1.1 mEq/L is favored for treatment of acutely manic or hypomanic patients. Somewhat lower values (0.6-0.75 mEq/L) are considered adequate and are safer for long-term use for prevention of recurrent manic-depressive illness. Some patients may not relapse at concentrations as low as 0.5-0.6 mEq/L, and lower levels usually are better tolerated. 

Brownhe et al, 1980). Currently Hthium is seldom used to treat hyperthyroidism and its use is generally restricted to patients in whom the conventional therapeutic options are associated with dose-Hmiting adverse effects. AH studies in the literature have been performed with the short acting Hthium carbonate preparation (Table 103.3). 

Yao et al. [100] reported a pH electrode based on hthium carbonate melt-oxidized iridium oxide film with the composition of Li lrOy 11H2O. The electrode based on this oxide film exhibits promising pH sensing performance and high chemical stability, with an ideal Nemstian response 58.9mV/pH over the pH range of 1 to 13. The electrode also shows a fast potential response with a 90% response time less than 0.2 s, and a low open-circnit potential drift O.lmV/day measnred in pH 6.6 solntion. The reproducibility in terms of the Nemst slopes and the apparent standard electrode potentials has been improved among electrodes within the same batch. However, the biocompatibility due to inclusion of lithium salt was not assessed. 

Molenda et al. Stoichiometric quantities of hthium carbonate and cobtilt oxide were mixed and pressed into a peUet of 0.8-cm dieimeter, 0.1-cm high. It was heated at 1,170 K for 4 days... 

Figure 15.3 shows a flowchart of the manufacturing process of hthium cobaltate. As is understood from the flowchart, after mixing the cobalt oxide and the hthium carbonate at a certain Li/Co ratio, the mixture is baked. After it is baked, it becomes a block as shown in Fig. 15.4, so it is crushed and then packaged as a product. Hereafter, the most important point of each manufacturing process wih be introduced. 

The reduced materials (category (f)) require special fusion conditions because dissolution produces an exothermic reaction that can destroy the platinum alloy fusion vessels. For example, the flux used for sihceous materials is reconstituted as lithium tetraborate and hthium carbonate. A SiC or other reduced sample is mixed with lithium carbonate and sintered on top of a protective layer of lithium tetraborate that has been fused and spread over the dish. The weight of the reduced sample therefore needs to be adjusted to maintain the flux to a (oxidized) sample ratio at 5 1. If samples lie in category (c), lithium tetraborate is replaced by boric oxide, which together with the lithium carbonate will ultimately give the appropriate lithium tetraborate/sample ratio (ignited basis). 

The pressure of carbon dioxide inside the cabin of a submarine having a volume of 2.4 X 10 L is 7.9 X 10 atm at 312 K. A solution of lithium hydroxide (LiOH) of negligible volume is introduced into the cabin. Eventually the pressure of CO2 falls to 1.2 X 10 atm. How many grams of hthium carbonate are formed by this process ... 

Polypropylene resin comprising an a-nucleating agent is produced by an in situ reaction between a dispersed particle and a second chenucal componnd that dissolves in a molten polypropylene. The dispersed particle comprises sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, hthium carbonate, or their combinations. The second chemical compound comprises an organic mono- or dicarboxyUc acid. ... 

The world annual production of hthium metal (expressed as lithium carbonate equivalent) for 1999 is estimated at 87,700 tonnes. FMC s lithium interests are concentrated at its downstream processing facility at Bessemer City, NC, which is fed with Hthium carbonate by SQM and lithium chloride from FMC s brine operation in Argentina. Carbonate and chloride are also processed into chemical applications at FMC s subsidiary in Bromborough in the UK (Lithium Corp. of Europe) and to Naoshima in Japan, where it has a joint venture with Honjo Chemicals. 

Hthium carbonate is used as fluxing agent added to potline in the Hall-Heroult aluminum melting process ... 

This acetonitrile, acetone, and water eluent is ideal for this detector because it is completely volatile. Ammonium acetate may also be a useful eluent because of its high volatility. This eluent can provide both anions and cations as eluent ions. Sodium (or potassium or Hthium) carbonate bicarbonate eluents can be suppressed and then sent through an ELSD. This eluent operates at a high pH so can be used to separate on an anion exchanger weak acid anions such as borate or several organic acids. While these anions cannot be detected by suppressed conductivity detection (because of low conductance) it may be possible to adjust detector conditions to detect many of these weak acid anions by ELSD. 

The second model of the structure is based on the works of Allman and Tailor who identified structures of the minerals (hydrotalcite and manasseite) [28,29] and showed that magnesium and aluminium ions are located in octahedral voids of hydroxide layer. Anions X and water molecules form another layer. Using this approach, Serna assumed on the basis of electron microdiffraction data and X-ray diffraction patterns of powders that the structure of LADH-CO3 obtained by the hydrolysis of aluminium-tri-(sec-butoxide) in hthium carbonate is based on closely packing two-dimensional layer (30 ]. Two thirds of the octahedral voids in this layer are occupied by aluminium cations located in a manner similar to that of gibbsite. The remaining one third of voids is occupied by lithium cations. On... 

Predict whether or not a solid is formed when we mix the following identify any solid product by formula and by name (a) potassium permanganate and sodium phosphate solutions (b) hthium carbonate and cadmium nitrate solutions (c) stannous fluoride and bismuth chloride solutions (d) strontium sulfate and barium chloride solutions. 

Several key aspects of the original commercial lithium-ion cells have been reviewed by Nishi, who discussed the need for large particle size, 15-20 ftm, to increase safety and the intentional incorporation of hthium carbonate into the cathode to provide a safety valve. The excess hthium carbonate decomposes, releasing carbon dioxide if the charging exceeds 4.8 V, which breaks the electrical circuit and stops the cell s operation. 

A pegmatite at Bernic Lake, Manitoba in Canada is mined for tantalum, niobium and lithium. A lepidolite in the pegmatite is, in addition, the only known commercial source of the element rubidium. In North Carolina, a rich Hthium source is known as the tin-spodumene belt . The ore was used for production of Hthium carbonate until 1998, when the last mine there was closed. 

Synthesis of Lithiated Metal Oxides. The synthesis of hthiated metal oxides, including LiCo02 and LiMn204, has be achieved through a wide variety of routes, although those practiced commercially use inexpensive starting materials, such as hthium carbonate, lithium hydroxide and the metal oxide. The physical and electrochemical properties of the materials may be controlled by the choice of starting materials and the preparation conditions. ... 

The space shuttle environmental control system handles excess CO2 (which the astronauts breathe out it is 4.0% by mass of exhaled air) by reacting it with hthium hydroxide, LiOH, pellets to form hthium carbonate, Li2C03, and water. If there are 7 astronauts on board the shnttle, and each exhales 20. L of air per minute, how long could clean air be generated if there were 25,000 g of LiOH pellets available for each shnttle mission Assume the density of air is 0.0010 g/mL. 

A very wide variety of lithium chemicals are sold commercially, as illustrated by Chemetall s Product Line in 2002 listing 33 inorganic lithium chemicals and 36 organic lithium compounds, with others available upon request. Their major production facility for these chemicals is in Langelsheim, Germany (Fig. 1.90), and many of the inorganic chemicals are produced from hthium carbonate as the initial... 

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