Modulators waveguide

Watts plating batlr Wave energy Waveguide Waveguide fibers Waveguide modulators Waveguides... 

Lithium Niobate. Lithium niobate [12031 -64-9], LiNbO, is normally formed by reaction of lithium hydroxide and niobium oxide. The salt has important uses in switches for optical fiber communication systems and is the material of choice in many electrooptic appHcations including waveguide modulators and sound acoustic wave devices. Crystals of lithium niobate ate usually grown by the Czochralski method foUowed by infiltration of wafers by metal vapor to adjust the index of refraction. 

Figure 4.15 Illustration of the constructive and destructive interference pattern in a Mach-Zehnder waveguide modulator. Only if the outgoing waveguide is single mode, the resulting antisymmetric mode will be completely radiated into the substrate. A multimode waveguide cannot be used for an efficient Mach-Zehnder modulator...

Fig. 33. Halfwave voltages (Vn) measured by the TACAN Corporation for various push-pull electro-optic modulators. Twelve modulators (six 3-cm and six 2-cm modulators) were fabricated. The poling voltages and waveguide modulator performance are given in the figure...

Lee MH, Lee HJ, Han SG, Kim HY, Won YH (1998) Fabrication and characterization of electro-optic polymer waveguide modulator for photonic application. In Wise DL, Wnek GE, Trantolo DJ, Cooper TM, Gresser JD (eds) Electrical and optical polymer systems. Marcel Dekker, New York, chap 17... 

In 2000, an encouragingly low half-wave voltage V of 0.8 V was achieved in a polymer waveguide modulator using highly nonlinear organic chromophores [21],... 

Another difficulty which will be encountered in trying to make waveguiding modulators and switches from high Tg NLO polymers is that the optical losses... 

Tang, S. Shi, Z. An, D. Sun, L. Chen, R. T. Highly efficient linear waveguide modulator based on domain-inverted electro-optic polymers. Opt. Eng. 2000,39, 680-688. 

Optoelectronics LEDs, lasers, waveguides, modulators Chips -H- ... 

Lengyel, G., GaAlAs p-i-n junction waveguide modulator, J. Lightwave Technol, LT-1, 251 (1983). 

Fabrication and Characterization of Electro>optic Polymer Waveguide Modulator for Photonic Applications... 

In this chapter, we present the fabrication parameters and optical performances of the packaged polymeric MZ waveguide modulator for photonic applications using a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA-based side-chain polymer with 4-dimethylamino-4 -nitrostilbene (DANS). We discuss the design considerations for single-mode propagation at a wavelength of 1.3 fim in relation to the fabrication sequence. In particular, we discuss the optical power stability of our devices in detail. 

In this chapter, we have discussed an electrically and optically packaged polymeric waveguide MZ modulator. The polymeric MZ waveguide modulator has been designed for single-mode TM propagation. The vertical waveguide structure was... 

Wang, W., Chen, D Fetterman, H. R., Steier, W. H., Dalton, L. R., and Chow, P. M. D Optical heterodyne detection of 60 GHz electro-optic modulation from polymer waveguide modulators, Appl. Phy.s. Lett., 67, 1806-1808 (1995). 

For a SAW waveguide modulator, an interdigitated, single periodic pattern of metal fingers are deposited directly onto the waveguide surface, as shown in (Fig. 3.14), where the transducer has a design... 

The most studied NLO devices are the light intensity or phase modulators. Basic modulators are the reflective-type ones such as the attenuated-total-reflection (ATR) and resonant grating waveguide modulators. 

Fig. 3.17 Reflective-type resonant grating waveguide modulator operating in free space...

Recently, Enami and co-workers [118] presented a hybrid cross-linked EO polymer/sol-gel Mach-Zehnder waveguide modulator with of 0.65 V at 1,550 nm. Such a low value of half wave voltage, which is one of the best results obtained in literature, is related to the combination of a very high electro-optic effect and to the device design that combines physical vertical tapers in the sol-gel core, index tapers in the EO polymer, a suitable electrode structure and a top buffer layer designed for cross-linked EO polymer systems. In such a device also the optical losses result to be reduced with respect to a more traditional configurations. 

D. J. Channin. Optical Waveguide Modulation Using Nematic Liquid Crystal, Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, p. 365 (1973). 

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