Lithium manganese oxide batteries

Secondary lithium-metal batteries which have a lithium-metal anode are attractive because their energy density is theoretically higher than that of lithium-ion batteries. Lithium-molybdenum disulfide batteries were the world s first secondary cylindrical lithium—metal batteries. However, the batteries were recalled in 1989 because of an overheating defect. Lithium-manganese dioxide batteries are the only secondary cylindrical lithium—metal batteries which are manufactured at present. Lithium-vanadium oxide batteries are being researched and developed. Furthermore, electrolytes, electrolyte additives and lithium surface treatments are being studied to improve safety and recharge-ability. 

Various materials are used for production of the three main components of a lithium ion battery. Research and development of these materials is where the automotive chemist is severely needed. The main components of the battery are the electrolyte, cathode, and anode. For the cost imperative, graphite is used most often in the anode. The cathode is typically a layered lithium cobalt oxide, lithium iron phosphate, or lithium manganese oxide. Other materials, such as TiS2, have been used [18]. Of course, properties vary depending on the choice of anode, cathode, electrolyte, etc. 

C. M. Julien, M. Massot, Lattice vibrations of materials for lithium rechargeable batteries 1. Lithium manganese oxide spinel. Materials Science and Engineering B 2003, 97, 217-230. 

Rossouw MH, Thackeray MM (1991) Lithium manganese oxides from Li2Mn03 for rechargeable lithium battery applications. Mat Res Bull 26 463 73... 

The C-LMO (graphite-lithium manganese oxide) lithium-ion battery in the Nissan Leaf has a nominal capacity of 24 kWh. The power injected and the SOC are shown in Figure 3.22. 

Recycling procedures have also been developed fairly recently for the newer lithium primary and secondary systems. They are currently in the pilot phase but the early stages look promising. Thus, for example, the Mulheim-based company Accurec has developed the RVD (recycling through vacuum distillation) procedure for lithium manganese oxide (Li-MnO ) batteries (see Figure 19.12). 

Estimated values of weight for the Li-ion-MnO battery pack are assumed to be 450 lbs., whereas the weights of zinc-air battery pack and Li-ion-polymer battery packs are interpolated with respect to weight of Li-ion-MnO battery pack. The interpolated weight estimates could be accurate with in 15 to 25%, because nobody knows the exact weight of the lithium, manganese oxide, and polymer contents. 

Shin, Y. and Manthiram, A. (2004). Factors Influencing the Capacity Fade of Spinel Lithium Manganese Oxides,. Electrochem. Soc., Vol.151, (2), pp. A204-A208 Tanaka, T. Ohta, K. and Arai, N. (2001). Year 2000 R D Status Of Large Scale Lithiinn Ion Secondary Batteries In the National Project Of Japan, /. of Power Sources, Vol.97-98,... 

Michalska, M., Lipihska, L., Mirkowska, M., Aksienionek, M., Diduszko, R., and Wasiucionek, M. (2011) Nanocrystalline lithium-manganese oxide spinels for Li-ion batteries sol-gel synthesis and characterization of their structure and selected physical properties. Solid State Ionics, 188 (1), 160 164. 

The metal oxides used to make positive electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries commonly include lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel oxide, lithium manganese oxide, vanadium oxide, and various others, such as iron oxides. Positive electrode materials of 5 V and polyanion-type positive electrode materials (so far mainly referring to lithium iron phosphate, LiFeP04) have also been investigated. Among the primary materials for these positive electrode materials, cobalt is the most expensive, followed by nickel and then manganese and vanadium. As a result, the prices of positive electrode materials are basically in line with the market prices of the primary materials. The structures of these positive electrode materials are mainly layered, spinel, and oliven. 

Fig. 15 Li NMR shift is an extremely sensitive tool for the characterization of the local structures and the electronic properties of lithium manganese oxides, among the most common cathode materials in lithium rechargeable batteries (a). The major shift contribution in the Li NMR spectrum arises from the hyperfine shift due to manganese ions in the first cation coradination sphere, so different shift ranges report on different lithium local environment (b). Moreover, these authors examined the local environments around lithium in a series of Mn and Mn compounds, and rationalized the causes of the shifts in terms of both the nature and extent of the overlap between the manganese, oxygen and lithium orbitals (c, d). Reprinted from [60] with permission from Elsevier...

SAFT supply this type of battery. The particular advantages claim for lithium-copper oxide batteries are long operating life, long shelf life (up to 10 years projected) and high operating temperature (tested between — 20 and - -50°C). Volumetric capacity (Ah/dm ) is 750 compared with 300 for alkaline manganese dioxide, 400 for mercury-zinc and 500 for lithium—sulphur... 

These researches opened the door to the fabrication and commercialization of varieties of primary hthium batteries since the late l%0s nonaqueous hthium cells, especially the 3-V primary systems, have been developed. These systems include lithium-sulfur dioxide (Li//S02) cehs, lithium-polycarbon monofluoride (Li//(CF t) ) cells introduced by Matsuschita in 1973, lithium-manganese oxide (Li//Mn02) cells commercialized by Sanyo in 1975, lithium-copper oxide (Li//CuO) cells, lithium-iodine (Li//(P2VP)1J cells. During the same period, molten salt systems (LiCl-KCl eutecticum) using a Li-Al alloy anode and a FeS cathode were introduced [1]. The lithium-iodine battery has been used to power more than four million cardiac pacemakers since its introduction in 1972. During this time the lithium-iodine system has established a record of reliability and performance unsurpassed by any other electrochemical power source [18]. 

Lithium manganese oxide (Li-Mn02) battery is the most common consumer grade battery that covers about 80 % of the lithium battery market. This system includes heat-treated Mn02 as cathode, lithium metal as anode and LiC104 in propylene carbonate/dimethoxyethane as aprotic electrolyte. The overall battery reaction is ... 

---