Lipoprotein modified

Judd, J. D. Baer B. Clevidence et al. Blood lipid and lipoprotein modifying effects of trans mono-unsaturated fatty acids compared to carbohydrate, oleic acid, stearic acid, and C 12 0-16 0 saturated fatty acids in men fed controlled diets. FASEB J. 1998, 12, A229-A229.abstract. 

Clinically niacin-induced flushing exhibits tachyphylaxis over days to months, while lipoprotein-modifying effects are persistent. 

Table 2. Properties of fat particles and very low density lipoproteins (Modified from Bierman et al. J. din. Invest. 44, 261 (1965) )...

When most lipids circulate in the body, they do so in the form of lipoprotein complexes. Simple, unesterified fatty acids are merely bound to serum albumin and other proteins in blood plasma, but phospholipids, triacylglycerols, cholesterol, and cholesterol esters are all transported in the form of lipoproteins. At various sites in the body, lipoproteins interact with specific receptors and enzymes that transfer or modify their lipid cargoes. It is now customary to classify lipoproteins according to their densities (Table 25.1). The densities are... 

Cells in the atheroma derived from both macrophages and smooth muscle cells that have accumulated modified low-density lipoproteins. Their cytoplasm laden with lipid causes the foamy appearance on microscopy... 

Cell-membrane proteins that endocytose oxidatively or otherwise modified low-density lipoproteins. 

IkB inhibitory protein kappa B lCAM-1 intercellular adhesion molecule 1 lL-1 interleukin-1 LDL low density lipoprotein MAPKs mitogen activated protein kinases MCP-1 macrophage chemotactic protein 1 M-CSF macrophage colony stimulating factor mmLDL minimally modified LDL NAC A-acetylcysteine NF-kB nuclear factor-kappa B oxLDL oxidised LDL PKC protein kinase C PMA phobol myristate acetate ROS reactive oxygen species TNF-a tumour necrosis factor alpha AM-1 vascular cell adhesion molecule 1... 

PARHAMI F, FANG Z T, FOGELMAN A M, ANDALIBI A, TERRITO M C and BERLINER J A (1993) Minimally modified low density lipoprotein-induced inflammatory responses in endothelial cells are mediated by cyclic adenosine monophosphate /owmaZ of Clinical Investigation 92, 471-8. 

Barenghi, L., Bradamante, S., Giudici, G.A. and Veigani, C. (1990). NMR analysis of low-density-lipoprotein oxidatively-modified in vitro. Free Rad. Res. Commun. 8, 175-183. 

Gonen, B., Fallon, J.J. and Baker, S.A. (1987). Immunogenicity of malondialdehyde-modified low density lipoproteins. Atherosclerosis 65, 265-272. 

Quinn, M.T., Parthasarathy, S., Fong, L.G. and Steinberg, D. (1987). Oxidatively modified low-density lipoproteins a potential role in recruitment and retention of monocyte/ macrophages during atherogenesis. Proc. Nad Acad. Sci. USA 84, 2995-2998. 

Haberland, M.E., Olch, C.L. and Fogelman, A.M. (1984). Role of lysines in mediating interaaion of modified low density lipoproteins with the scavenger receptor of human monocyte macrophages. J. Biol. Chem. 259, 11305-11311. 

Henriksen, T., Mahoney, E.M. and Steinberg, D. (1983). Enhanced macrophage degradation of biologically modified low density lipoprotein. Arteriosclerosis 3, 149-159. 

Parthasarathy, S., Putz, D.J., Boyd, D., Joy, L. and Steinberg, D. (1986). Macrophage oxidation of low density lipoprotein generates a modified form recognised by the scavenger receptor. Arteriosclerosis 6, 505-510. 

Although atherosclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are distinct disease states, both disorders are chronic inflammatory conditions and may have common mechanisms of disease perpetuation. At sites of inflammation, such as the arterial intima undergoing atherogen-esis or the rheumatoid joint, oxygen radicals, in the presence of transition-metal ions, may initiate the peroxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) to produce oxidatively modified LDL (ox-LDL). Ox-LDL has several pro-inflammatory properties and may contribute to the formation of arterial lesions (Steinberg et /., 1989). Increased levels of lipid peroxidation products have been detected in inflammatory synovial fluid (Rowley et /., 1984 Winyard et al., 1987a Merry et al., 1991 Selley et al., 1992 detailed below), but the potential pro-inflammatory role of ox-LDL in the rheumatoid joint has not been considered. We hypothesize that the oxidation of LDL within the inflamed rheumatoid joint plays a pro-inflammatory role just as ox-LDL has the identical capacity within the arterial intima in atherosclerosis. 

Rajavashisth, T.B., Andalibi, A., Territo, M.C., Berliner, J.A., Navab, M., Fogelman, A.M. and Lusis, A.J. (1990). Induction of endothelial cell expression of granulocyte and macrophage colony-stimulating factors by modified low density-lipoproteins. Nature 344, 254—257. 

Yla-Herttuala, S., Witztum, J.L. and Steinberg, D. (1989). Evidence for the presence of oxidatively modified low density lipoprotein in atherosclerotic lesions rabbit and man. J. Clin. Invest. 84, 1086-1095. 

Drugs that modify platelet activity, lipoprotein concentrations, and neurohormonal systems reduce the risk for coronary events and death. However, these therapies do not cure IHD. 

Cushing SD, Berliner JA, Valente AJ, et al. Minimally modified low density lipoprotein induces monocyte chemotactic protein 1 in human endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990 87(13) 5134-5138. 

Calvo, D, Gomez-Coronado, D, Lasuncion, MA, and Vega, MA, 1997. CLA-1 is an 85-kD plasma membrane glycoprotein that acts as a high-affinity receptor for both native (HDL, LDL, and VLDL) and modified (OxLDL and AcLDL) lipoproteins. Arterioscler Thromb Vase Biol 17, 2341-2349. 

Biotin-hydrazide has been used to biotinylate antibodies at their oxidized carbohydrate residues (O Shanessy et al., 1984, 1987 O Shanessy and Quarles, 1985 Hoffman and O Shannessy, 1988), to modify the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor (Wade et al., 1985), to biotinylate nerve growth factor (NGF) (Rosenberg et al., 1986), and to modify cytosine groups in oligonucleotides to produce probes suitable for hybridization assays (Reisfeld et al., 1987) (Chapter 27, Section 2.3). 

Modified procedure HDL plasma—plasma depleted with apo B-con-taining lipoproteins by pretreatment with dextran sulfate/Mg2+ HDL reagent (Sigma, procedure 352-3). Plasma LDL-bound antiradical parameters can be calculated as the difference between ACW/ACL/ACL0 for whole plasma and for HDL plasma as well. 

Kugiyama K, Kerns SA, Morrisett JD, Roberts R, Henry PD (1990) Impairment of endothelium-dependent arterial relaxation by lysolecithin in modified low-density lipoproteins. Nature 344 160-162... 

New insights into the analysis of hydrophobically post-translational modified proteins could be achieved by the construction of lipidated proteins in a combination of bioorganic synthesis of activated lipopeptides and bacterial expression of the protein backbone (Fig. 19). The physico-chemical properties of such artificial lipoproteins differ substantially from those of the corresponding lipopeptides. The pronounced dominance of the hydrophilic protein moiety (e.g., for the Ras protein 181 amino acids) over a short lipopeptide with one or two hydrophobic modifications provides solubility up to 10 4 mol/1, while the biotinylated or fluorescence labeled lipopeptides exhibit low solubility in aqueous solutions and can be applied in the biophysical experiments only in vesicle integrated form or dissolved in organic solvent. 

Thus, lipoproteins could be injected over the surface of a lipid covered SPR sensor in a detergent free buffer solution and showed spontaneous insertion into the artificial membrane.171 Again two hydro-phobic modifications are necessary for stable insertion into the lipid layer, whereas lipoproteins with a farnesyl group only dissociate significantly faster out of the membrane. Therefore the isoprenylation of a protein is sufficient to allow interaction with membraneous structures, while trapping of the molecule at a particular location requires a second hydrophobic anchor. Interaction between the Ras protein and its effector Raf-kinase depends on complex formation of Ras with GTP (instead of the Ras GDP complex, present in the resting cell). If a synthetically modified Ras protein with a palmi-... 

---