Biological modifier

Henriksen, T., Mahoney, E.M. and Steinberg, D. (1983). Enhanced macrophage degradation of biologically modified low density lipoprotein. Arteriosclerosis 3, 149-159. 

The demonstrable — and as yet poorly understood — effects of biological modifiers, such as sex, age, and diet, and interaction effects of PAHs with inorganic and other organic compounds, including other PAHs. 

The literature emphasizes that arsenic metabolism and toxicity vary greatly between species and that its effects are significantly altered by numerous physical, chemical, and biological modifiers. Adverse health effects, for example, may involve respiratory, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and hematopoietic systems, and may range from reversible effects to cancer and death, depending partly on the physical and chemical forms of arsenic tested, the route of administration, and the dose. 

As mentioned above, PAF and PAF-like molecules are rapidly synthesized by keratinocytes following UV exposure. We suggest that two mechanisms are involved. UV-induced free radical formation leads to membrane oxidation and the formation of oxidized phosphatidylcholine. The PAF-like molecules bind to PAF receptors in either a paracrine or autocrine fashion. This induces the release of arachidonic acid from the membrane, activates PI.A2 and promotes the synthesis of bona fide PAF.55 The newly synthesized PAF then binds to PAF receptors, which upregulates the production of more PAF and downstream biological modifiers such as eicosanoids and cytokines. Ultimately this activates the cascade of events that leads to immune suppression. 

Sartor CL Biological modifiers as potential radiosensitizers targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor family. Semin Oncol 2000 27(6 Suppl 11) 15-20. 

Various strategies have been developed for the immobilisation of the affinity partner, among which physical adsorption as well as covalent binding are used, either to coat the walls of the reaction chamber, or to functionalise beads that are put in contact with the analyte solution or even in some cases to create a biologically modified membrane or electrode. 

Weber RW. Adverse reactions to biological modifiers. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2004 4 277-83. 

The 1976 amendment sought to define medical devices. These definitions are worth considering because they have created challenges for developers of biotextiles today. At the time of their crafting, the authors of the definitions did not anticipate the advent of devices such as tissue scaffolds, bio-absorbable materials or textiles with biologically modified surfaces ... 

Even though only two-component and unmodified mixtures are of interest here - a similar summary for chemically and biologically modified variants is given later - such a selection shows carbon pastes as a versatile class of material with a myriad of applications and achievements in electrochemistry, electroanalysis, and related areas. 

Before stepping into the realm of chemically and biologically modified carbon pastes with all their hitherto existing configurations and variants, it is useful to overview the latest advances with carbon pastes as such, which can be accomplished with the aid of a properly selected collection of newly appearing articles [90-100]. 

Electroanalysis with CMCPEs and CP-biosensors in systematic survey of the analytes In fact, chemically and biologically modified variants have been successfully used for almost all compounds determinable with the bare CPEs and surveyed above. Often, the respective methods and procedures with CMCPEs and CP-biosensors have offered better analytical performances, due to the improved selectivity and sensitivity provided by the modifier(s) [3-5, 85]. Thus, in the following text, listed are mainly the analytes that have not yet been - or, in principle, could not be - determined with ordinary unmodified electrodes and sensors. 

By analog to the closing notes on unmodified carbon pastes, the current status and position of chemically and biologically modified variants can be illustrated via a collection of more or less accidentally selected articles published in the last 2 years [182-200], taking into account also the advances highlighted in the newest review [90]. 

Frostegard, J., Haegerstrand, A., Gidlund, M., and Nilsson, J. (1991). Biologically modified LDL increases the adhesive properties of endothelial cells. Atherosclerosis 90, 119-126. 

Krown, S., Oetgen, H., Stewart, W., and Levy, H.B., 1980, Phase I trial of poly ICLC in cancer patients. In Chirigos M (ed) Proceedings of symposium on biological modifiers in treatment of cancer, March, 1980, Raven Press, New York. 

This chapter summarizes different surface modifications available to physically, chemically, or biologically modified natural fibers. Such a modification is required to improve the interaction between the fiber and matrix, which could attribute to better interlocking and in turn result in enhanced bulk mechanical properties of the resulting composites. 

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