Plasma glucose depletion

Treatment with either vanadium salts or organic complexes of vanadium have decreased plasma insulin levels and improved insulin sensitivity in animal models of both insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. This work has recently been reviewed [13]. The Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rat develops overt hyperglycemia in the presence of hyperinsulinemia followed by [3-cell depletion. This is a type 2 diabetic rat model developed from the Zucker Fatty (fa/fa) rat. In these animals, chronic treatment with vanadium reduced the elevated plasma glucose levels [152,153], The effect in the type 2 models of diabetes can take weeks to develop, whereas the effect in the type 1 models of diabetes are seen within 3 to 4 days. 

HSP12 Plasma membrane localized protein that protects membranes from desiccation induced by heat shock, oxidative stress, osmostress, stationary phase entry, glucose depletion, oleate and alcohol regulated by the HOG and Ras-Pka pathways... 

Haber, G. B., Heaton, K. W., Murphy, D., and Burroughs, L. F., 1977, Depletion and disruption of dietary fibre-effects on satiety, plasma-glucose and serum-insulin. Lancet ii 679. 

After 48 h, marked increase in blood glucose, depressed plasma insulin level, marked depletion of liver glycogen, significant increase in plasma creatinine phosphokinase and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase activity (Giri etal. 1979)... 

The water-soluble methyl-P-cyclodextrin (mpCD) is known to form soluble inclusion complexes with cholesterol, leading to depletion of cholesterol from the plasma membrane (16,46,47). As a result, cholesterol-rich microdomains, which are involved in caveolae-mediated as well as clathrin-mediated endocytosis, are destroyed. mpCD therefore decreases both clathrin- and caveolae-mediated uptake. The two other well-known cyclodextrins [a-, and y-cyclodextrin (6 and 8 units of a-1,4 glucose)] do not bind cholesterol effectively (both are not specific for cholesterol, but might remove phospholipids from the plasma membrane) and have no significant effect (46). 

Intracellular redistribution of is illustrated by the fall in plasma IC that occurs following insuiin therapy for diabetic hyperglycemia. The cells must take up as a consequence of glucose transport. Redistribution hypokalemia is also a feature of alkalosis, in which K moves from ECF into the cells as H moves in the opposite direction. In addition, the renal conservation of m the distal tubule occurs at the expense of ions. On the other hand, severe intracellular IC depletion may also cause alkalosis, as shifts intracel-lularly. Catecholamines and states of endogenous or pharmacological P-adrenergic excess have a similar effect. 

During starvation, following depletion of hepatic glycogen, amino acids become the major source for glucose homeostasis because of the decrease in plasma insulin... 

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