Lipopolysaccharide infection

Lacroix, R.P., Duncan, J.R., Jenkins, R.P., Leitch, R.A., Perry, J.A., Richards, J.C. Structural and serological specificities of Pasteurella haemolytica lipopolysaccharides. Infect Immun 61 (1993) 170-181. 

Muotiala, A., Helander, I.M., Pyhala, L., Kosunen, T.U., Moran, A.P. Low biological activity of Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide. Infect Immun 60 (1992) 1714-1716. 

Di Padova, F., Brade, H., Barclay, G.R., Poxton, I.R., Liehl, E., Schuetze, E., Kocher, H.P., Ramsay, G., Schreier, M.H., McClelland, D.B.L., Rietschel, E.T. A broadly cross-protective monoclonal antibody binding to Escherichia coli and Salmonella lipopolysaccharide. Infect Immun 61 (1993) 3863-3872. 

Takayama K, Qureshi N, Beutler B, Kirkland TN. 1989. Diphosphoryl lipid A from Rhodopseudomonas spaeroides ATCC 17023 blocks induction of cachectin in macrophages by lipopolysaccharide. Infect. Immun. 57 1336-38... 

Levitz SM, Tabuni A, Nong SH, Golenbock DT. Effects of interleukin-10 on human peripheral blood mononuclear cell responses to Cryptococcus neofor-mans, Candida albicans, and lipopolysaccharide. Infect Immun 1996 64 945-51. 

Endotoxins are the lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. They trigger inflammatory reactions in the infected organism, activate complement and cause fever or even a septic shock. They act on toll-like receptors. 

Orr N, Robin G, Cohen D, Arnon R, Lowell GH Immunogenicity and efficacy of oral or intranasal Shigella flexneri 2a and Shigella sonnei proteosome-lipopolysaccharide vaccines in animal models. Infect Immun 1993 61 2390-2395. 

Diagnosis of gonococcal infections can be made by gram-stained smears, culture (the most reliable method), or newer methods based on the detection of cellular components of the gonococcus (e.g., enzymes, antigens, DNA, or lipopolysaccharide) in clinical specimens. 

House, D. et al., Cytokine release by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated whole blood from patients with typhoid fever, J. Infect. Dis., 186, 240, 2002. 

Zhou, Q. et al., Cytokine profiling of macrophages exposed to Porphyromonas gingivalis, its lipopolysaccharide, or its FimA protein, Infect. Immun., 73, 935, 2005. 

Rogers, J. et al., Epigallocatechin Gallate Modulates Cytokine Production by Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cells Stimulated with Lipopolysaccharide or Muramyldipeptide, or Infected with Legionella pneumophila, Exp Biol Med (Maywood), 230, 645, 2005. 

Following with bacterial infections and anti-adhesion strategies,86 88 NMR based structural studies have been conducted on O-polysaccharide chains in these past few years,38 40,42,43 in order to elucidate the molecular basis and the role of the lipopolysaccharides in these pathologies. 

The biomedical importance of infections by gram-negative pathogens and the consequences of septic shock have drawn much attention to lipid A, the toxic subcomponent of the lipopolysaccharide endotoxin of these organisms. A comprehensive account of the chemical structures and biological behavior of the lipid A structures is presented here by Zahrihnger, Lindner, and Rietschel. The chapter incorporates much of their own work from the... 

Mahdavi, J., Boren, T., Vandenbroucke-Graula, C., and AppehneUc, B. J. (2003). Limited role of lipopolysaccharide Lewis antigens in adherence of Helicobacter pylori to the human gastric epithelium. Infect. Immun. 71, 2876-2880. 

Valkonen, K. H., Wadstrom, T., and Moran, A. P. (1994). Interaction of lipopolysaccharides of Helicobacter pylori with basement membrane protein laminin. Infect. Immun. 62,3640-3648. 

One of the most serious consequences of (Gram-negative) bacterial infection is the possible development of septic shock. This is caused by the release of lipopolysaccharide (LPS endotoxin) from the bacterial cell surface. Various anti-LPS monoclonals (mainly targeted at its lipid A component Chapter 3) have been developed. It is hoped that administration of such monoclonals to affected individuals would effectively mop up free LPS, hence ameliorating the severity of the condition. Most trial results to date have proved disappointing in this regard. 

NO also seems to play a role in the hypotension of septic shock. Septic shock is a life-threatening clinical condition occurring as a complication of bacterial infections and characterized by hypotension, shock, organ failure, and death. In severe Gramnegative bacterial infections, increased urinary excretion of nitrates, an oxidative byproduct of NO, has been described bacterial wall lipopolysaccharides activate the NOS enzyme. 

In 1961 it was reported that human leukocytes were capable of producing IFN in response to viral infections [8,9]. This viral stimulation of white blood cells was initially used to produce leukocyte IFN for clinical applications. Identification of a number of varied IFN inducers such as mycoplasma or other microorganisms in cell cultures, lipopolysaccharides (LPS, derived from bacteria membranes), tumor-derived or virus-transformed cells, and synthetic chemical compounds such as polyanions and poly I C (poly inosine-cytosine) suggested that different IFN mixtures could be derived from interaction of various inducing agents and appropriate target cells [10-16]. Another pH-labile, nonvirus-induced IFN termed immune-IFN (induced by immune effector cells) was discovered in 1965. It was produced by... 

Lipopolysaccharides are the dominant surface feature of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella ty-phimurium. These molecules are prime targets of the antibodies produced by the vertebrate immune system in response to bacterial infection and are therefore important determinants of the serotype of bacterial strains (serotypes are strains that are distinguished on the basis of antigenic properties). The lipopolysaccharides of S. typhimurium contain six fatty acids bound to two... 

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