Lipid alcohol effects

Alcohol can abolish the lipid-lowering effects of aminosalicylic acid. 

Vitamin A is a fat-soluble micronutrient that is required by all vertebrates to maintain vision, epithelial tissues, immvme functions, reproduction, and for life itself. It was discovered in 1913 as a minor component in eggs, butter, whole milk, and fish liver oils. It soon became apparent that vitamin A exists in two chemically distinct yet structurally related forms. The first form to be characterized was retinol, a lipid alcohol that is present only in foods of animal origin. Retinol is also known as preformed vitamin A because it can be metabolized directly into compovmds that exert the biological effects of vitamin A. A second form of vitamin A, present in deep-yellow vegetables, was characterized as /3-carotene, which is synthesized only by plants but can be converted to retinol during absorption in the small intestines. These carotenoids are sometimes referred to as provitamin A. The nutritional requirement for vitamin A can be met by preformed retinol, provitamin A carotenoids, or a mixture, and therefore it is possible to obtain a sufficient intake of vitamin A from carnivorous, herbivorous, or omnivorous diets. 

These are molecules which contain both hydrophilic and hydrophobic units (usually one or several hydrocarbon chains), such that they love and hate water at the same time. Familiar examples are lipids and alcohols. The effect of amphiphiles on interfaces between water and nonpolar phases can be quite dramatic. For example, tiny additions of good amphiphiles reduce the interfacial tension by several orders of magnitude. Amphiphiles are thus very efficient in promoting the dispersion of organic fluids in water and vice versa. Added in larger amounts, they associate into a variety of structures, filhng the material with internal interfaces which shield the oil molecules—or in the absence of oil the hydrophobic parts of the amphiphiles—from the water [3]. Some of the possible structures are depicted in Fig. 1. A very rich phase... 

Increased risk factors for suffering retinoid side effects are adipositas, alcohol abuse, diabetes, nicotine abuse, familiar lipid metabolism alterations and other concommittant therapies (see below). 

The development of monoalkyl phosphate as a low skin irritating anionic surfactant is accented in a review with 30 references on monoalkyl phosphate salts, including surface-active properties, cutaneous effects, and applications to paste and liquid-type skin cleansers, and also phosphorylation reactions from the viewpoint of industrial production [26]. Amine salts of acrylate ester polymers, which are physiologically acceptable and useful as surfactants, are prepared by transesterification of alkyl acrylate polymers with 4-morpholinethanol or the alkanolamines and fatty alcohols or alkoxylated alkylphenols, and neutralizing with carboxylic or phosphoric acid. The polymer salt was used as an emulsifying agent for oils and waxes [70]. Preparation of pharmaceutical liposomes with surfactants derived from phosphoric acid is described in [279]. Lipid bilayer vesicles comprise an anionic or zwitterionic surfactant which when dispersed in H20 at a temperature above the phase transition temperature is in a micellar phase and a second lipid which is a single-chain fatty acid, fatty acid ester, or fatty alcohol which is in an emulsion phase, and cholesterol or a derivative. 

In the water-like solvent tert-butyl alcohol, a-tocopherol was found to prevent lipid oxidation, showing a distinct lag-phase for oxygen consumption. This was in contrast to quercetin or epicatechin, which were only weak retarders of lipid oxidation without any clear antioxidative effect. Quercetin or epicatechin, when combined with a-tocopherol, increased the lag-phase for oxygen consumption as seen for a-tocopherol alone. The stoichiometric factor for a-tocopherol, a-TOH, as chain-breaking antioxidant has the value n = 2 according to the well-established mechanism ... 

Allopurinol has been shown to attenuate lipid peroxidation in ethanol-fed rats (Kato etal., 1990). However, this was not correlated with any possible effect on histological damage and, as discussed previously, the significance of lipid peroxidation is unclear. Despite the evidence suggesting that oxidative stress and increased oxidative metabolism may play a role in the pathogenesis of human alcoholic liver disease, it remains to be shown that treatment with specific antioxidants will modify this process. 

Suarna, C. Southwell-Keely, P. T. Effects of alcohols on the oxidation of the vitamin E model compound 2,2,5,7 8-pentamethyl-6-chromanol. Lipids 1989, 24, 56-60. 

Montoliu C, ValiJs S, Renau-Piqueras J, Guerri C. Ethanol-induced oxygen radical formation and lipid peroxidation in rat brain effects of chronic alcohol consumption. J Neurochem 1994 63 1855-1862. 

Alcoholism is a chronic relapsing disorder. The risk of alcoholism depends on interactions between genetic, environmental and neurobiological factors. Historically, ethanol s actions were attributed to nonspecific disruption of the lipid bilayer of neurons. It is now recognized that ethanol has specific targets, and that effects of longterm ethanol exposure are due to neuroadaptations as well as neurotoxicity [42-45]. 

The partition of different lipids between two immiscible solvents (countercurrent distribution) is useful for crude fractionation of lipid classes with greatly differing polarities. Repeated extractions in a carefully chosen solvent pair increase the effectiveness of the separation but in practice mixtures of lipids are still found in each fraction. A petroleum ether-ethanol-water system can be used to remove polar contaminants (into the alcoholic phase) when interest lies in the subsequent analysis of neutral glycerides, which may be recovered from the ether phase. Carbon... 

Gomathi, C., Balasubramanian, K., Vijaya, B. N. and al.. e. (1993). Effect of chronic alcoholism on semen studies on lipid profiles. International Journal ofAndrology 16, 175-181. 

Alcohols and acetone are the simplest kinds of membrane permeabilization agents. They act by dissolving membrane lipids, thus rendering the membrane permeable to antibodies (5). Because of their coagulant effects on proteins, these solvents can be used as a one-step fixative and permeant (18). 

It should be noted that all three are lethal, however, and so the acute toxicity of these compounds is not entirely due to C-40 substituent effects. Potency does follow the oxidation series from alcohol to aldehyde to acid vivo, suggesting that perhaps these substituents influence the degree of accessibility of each lipid-solvent soluble toxin to its membrane site of action. Being that the toxins in their natural forms are so soluble in non-polar solvents, and tend to bind to or solubilize in the lipid components of membrane... 

These effects are reversible after cessation of therapy. Patients who are at high risk of developing hypertriglyceridemia include those with diabetes, obesity, increased alcohol intake, a lipid metabolism disorder, and a familial history. 

The mechanisms of action of the effects of alcohol on the nervous system remain unclear. For some time, researchers thought that the depressant effects of alcohol, like other anesthetic agents, were caused by dissolving into the cell lipid membranes and disrupting the function of various proteins. More recently, researchers have focused on specific receptors such as glutamate (excitatory) and GABA (inhibitory). Despite intensive research, the mechanism of effect of alcohol on the fetus is unknown. 

The CLD methods for HPLC using isoluminol (190) with microperoxidase catalysis, for determination of lipid hydroperoxides in clinical fluids, have been reviewed. Determination of phospholipids hydroperoxides by luminol (124) CL has been reviewed . A fast RP-HPLC method (retention times 1 to 2 min) for determination of hydroperoxides and other peroxide compounds includes UVD, which is not always effective, and CLD, attained on injection of luminol (124), the CL reagent (Scheme 3), hemin (75a), a catalyst, and NaOH to raise the pH of the solution. A FLD cell may act as CLD cell if the excitation source is turned off. The selectivity of CLD is of advantage over UVD in industrial analysis thus, for example, UVD of a sample from a phenol production line based on cumene oxidation (equation 13) shows peaks for cumyl hydroperoxide (27), unreacted cumene, cumyl alcohol and acetophenone, whereas CLD shows only the 27 peak. The... 

Effects of Okinawan sugar cane wax SO077 and fatty alcohol on serum and liver lipids in the rat. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 1984 30(6) 553-559. 

Antioxidant effect. Alcohol (50%) extract of the ginger produced significant effect on enzymatic lipid peroxidation. The extract dose-dependently inhibited oxidation of fatty acid and linoleic acid in the presence... 

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