Glass-Lined Vessels

Mercuric Sulfate. Mercuric s Af2iX.e.[7783-35-9] HgSO, is a colorless compound soluble ia acidic solutions, but decomposed by water to form the yellow water-iasoluble basic sulfate, HgSO 2HgO. Mercuric sulfate is prepared by reaction of a freshly prepared and washed wet filter cake of yellow mercuric oxide with sulfuric acid ia glass or glass-lined vessels. The product is used as a catalyst and with sodium chloride as an extractant of gold and silver from roasted pyrites. 

In another case, acidic water was used to clean the inside of the water Jacket that surrounded a glass-lined vessel. Some hydrogen diffused through the wall of the vessel and developed sufficient pressure to crack the glass lining. 

Tables 10-16, 10-17, 10-18, and 10-18A give general estimating overall coefficients, and Table 10-19 gives the range of a few common film coefficients. Table 10-20 illustrates the effect of tube-wall resistance for some special construction materials. Table 10-20A lists estimating coefficients for glass-lined vessels. Also see Reference 215. See Table 10-24 for suggested water rates inside tubes.

In the chemical process industry molybdenum has found use as washers and bolts to patch glass-lined vessels used in sulphuric acid and acid environments where nascent hydrogen is produced. Molybdenum thermocouples and valves have also been used in sulphuric acid applications, and molybdenum alloys have been used as reactor linings in plant used for the production of n-butyl chloride by reactions involving hydrochloric and sulphuric acids at temperatures in excess of 170°C. Miscellaneous applications where molybdenum has been used include the liquid phase Zircex hydrochlorination process, the Van Arkel Iodide process for zirconium production and the Metal Hydrides process for the production of super-pure thorium from thorium iodide. 

A typical batch reactor (Figure 8.1) will be made of stainless steel or glass-lined steel. Stainless steel vessels have better heat transfer characteristics than their glass-lined counterparts and a wider array of reactor internals are available. Glass-lined vessels, on the other hand, can offer superior fouling or corrosion properties and are often used for reactions... 

Crude material prepared in glass on 3 g mol scale was distilled uneventfully at 40°C/0.067 mbar from a bath at 70-80°C. A 30 mol batch prepared in a glass-lined vessel with a stainless steel thermo-probe (and later found to contain 15 ppm of iron) decomposed very violently dining distillation at 75°C/13 mbar from a bath at 130°C. Thermal analysis showed that the stability of the methyl (and ethyl) ester... 

H. Deichelmann, The Electrostatic Charge of Glass-Lined Vessels and Piping, Pfaudler PWAG Report 326e. J.S. Dorsey, Static Sparks How to Exorcise the Go Devils, Chemical Engineering (Sept. 13,1976), pp. 203 -205. 

If it is difficult to provide a level tap in the base of tbe vessel (for mechanical design reasons, for example in a glass-lined vessel) a bubble tube can be sus-... 

Inspection and testing requirements are covered in detail. Most vessels are required to be hydrostatic-tested (generally with water) at 1.3 times the maximum allowable working pressure. Some enameled (glass-lined) vessels are permitted to be hydrostatic-tested at lower pressures. Pneumatic tests are permitted and are carried to at least IV4 times the maximum allowable working pressure, and there is provision for proof testing when the strength of the vessel or any of its parts cannot be computed with satisfactory assurance of accuracy. Pneumatic or proof tests are rarely conducted. 

Glass-lined vessels, passivated with dilute nitric acid or alcoholic EDTA, were used in reactions with the oxaziridine. 

Batch crystallization vessels can be agitated or unagitated, and may use either cooling or evaporation to cause crystallization, sometimes with seeding required. In some cases, very smooth surfaces are required to enable the crystals to form in the desired form, and this can be achieved using purpose-built glass-lined vessels and stirrers. 

Based on initial heat flow calorimetry studies, a process development engineer must choose the appropriate reactor vessels for pilot plant studies. A pilot plant typically has vessels that range from 80 to 5000 L, some constructed of alloy and others that are glass lined. In addition some vessels may have half-pipe coils for heat transfer, while others have jackets with agitation nozzles. A process drawing for a typical glass-lined vessel is shown in Figure 4. In Sections 3.1.4.1 and 3.1.4.2 we review fundamental heat transfer relationships in order to predict overall heat transfer coefficients. In Section 3.1.4.3 we review experimental techniques to estimate heat transfer coefficients in process vessels. 

An example of acid-catalyzed oligomerization by intermolecular dehydration between an amino and a hydroxy group in a monomer is the usual industrial preparation of piperazine by heating ethanolamine and ammonium chloride at 250° in glass-lined vessels (for other methods of preparing piperazine, see Section III, A, 3). 

In glass-lined vessels, the 3 blade Pfaudler Retreat Curve Impeller (RCI) is often used for liquid-liquid dispersions although the myriad of impeller styles currently available with glass... 

Glassware and glass-lined equipment also offer excellent resistance to corrosion, similar to that of ceramic materials. In addition to the advantages of corrosion resistance, it also affords a very cleanable surface. Glass-lined vessels are used in the pharmaceutical industry for reactors, mixers, storage tanks, transfer piping, and high-purity water systems. 

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