Linalool lavender

Linalool lavender, orange, bergamot, coriander to identify botanical origin discrimination syn. a. botanical origin [230, 317, 351, 352]... 

Aroma chemicals are isolates, or chemically treated oils or components of oils. Some components are removed physically, others chemically. In most cases, they are further purified by distillation. For example, Bois de Rose (rosewood) oil may be distilled to isolate linalool, which may be then further treated chemically to yield derivatives such as linalyl acetate, an important fragrance ingredient and a primary component in its own right of lavender and lavandin oils. Vetiver oil Haiti, although containing only 70% alcohols, is treated with acetic anhydride, then carefully distilled to include valuable odor components in the distillate, even though they may not be esters. 

L v ndin. Lavandin, Lavandula hjbrida as a plant species is of recent origin, unknown until the late 1920s. It is a hybrid of two common lavenders, l vandula officinalis and l vandula latifolia. Lavandin is cultivated mainly ia southern France and has become one of the most produced and used natural perfumery materials. The flowering tops of the shmb are used to produce a concrete, an absolute, and a steam-distilled oil the last is by far the most used. Low cost and refreshing odor quaUty allow lavandin to be employed ia a wide variety of perfume appHcations and at high concentrations. Chemically it is comprised of 30—32% linalool (3) and linalyl acetate (1), along with numerous other substances, mosdy terpenic. 

Uses ndReactions. Linalool can be estetified to linalyl acetate by reaction with acetic anhydride. Linalyl acetate [115-95-7] has a floral-fmity odor, reminiscent of bergamot and lavender. The price of the acetate in 1995 was 14.30/kg (45). Linalool is subject to dehydration and to isomerization to nerol and geraniol during the esterification. However, if the acetic acid formed during the esterification is removed in a distillation column, the isomerization can be minimized and good yields of the acetate obtained (130). 

The biotransformation of (/f,5)-Iinalool by fungi is a useful method for the preparation of natural linalool oxides. The stereospecific conversion of (J ,5)-linalool by Corynespora cassiicola DSM 62475 led to 5/f-configured furanoid linalool oxides and 55-configured pyranoid linalool oxides, both via bS -configured epoxylinalool as postulated intermediate (Figure 12.6). The biotransformation protocol affords an almost total conversion of the substrate with high enantioselectivities and a molar conversion yield close to 100% (Table 12.4). Pure linalool oxides are of interest for lavender notes in perfumery. ... 

The enantiomeric differentiation of linalool is useful in the quality control of essential oils and oleoresins, as it was found to provide an important indication of the authenticity of many herbs and spices. The enantiomeric composition of linalool has been determined in many essential oils, including basil, bergamot, rosemary, lavandin, lavender, balm, coriander, mace. Pelargonium, rose, Cymbopogon, lemon, mandarin, Osman-thus, davana, jasmine, Lippia alba and orange, as well as in many fruit... 

Linalool is a major component in essential oils such as those of coriander, palmarosa, mace, petitigrain, Lippia alba and sweet orange flowers. (3i )(—)-Linalool is a main component in the oils of Ocimum species, including sweet basil, and in the oils of neroli, linaloe, bergamot, lavender and others. Linalool enantiomers in... 

Uses. Linalool is used frequently in perfumery for fruity notes and for many flowery fragrance compositions (lily of the valley, lavender, and neroli). Because of its relatively high volatility, it imparts naturalness to top notes. Since linalool is stable in alkali, it can be used in soaps and detergents. Linalyl esters can be prepared from linalool. Most of the manufactured linalool is used in the production of vitamin E. 

Linalool oxide is used in perfumery (e.g., for lavender notes) and for reconstitution of essential oils. 

True French lavender grows in the Flaute Provence at an altitude of 600 1500 m. The plants are grown from seeds of the wild lavender ( population lavender). Lavender oil is produced in a yield of 10 25kg/ha. It has the following typical composition (%) m-ocimene (4 10), trans-odimene (1.5-6), 1,8-cineole (<1), camphor (<0.5), linalool (25-38), linalyl acetate (25-45), 1-terpinen-4-ol (2-6), and lavandulyl acetate (>2) [574-583a]. 

Lavandin plants are sterile and can be propagated only by using cuttings. The oils from the most important varieties, abrial and grosso, contain linalool (26-38/ 24-35%) and linalyl acetate (20-29/28-38%) as major constituents as well as 1,8-cineole (6-11/4-7%) and camphor (7-11/6-8%) [594-601]. A third variety is called super because its oil contains a high concentration of linalyl acetate (35-47%), and, thus, resembles lavender oil most closely. 

Lavender Lavandula angustifolia MUler Linalyl acetate (25-46), linalool (20-45)... 

Other activities on the gastrointestinal system included antidiarrhoeal and gastroprotective effects. Satureja hortensis and Aloysia triphylla EOs inhibited castor oil induced diarrhoea in rodents [225, 255]. The EO of lavender and its components (linalool, linalyl acetate) and the EO of Cryptomeria japonica (ter-pin-4-ol and elemol) showed protective activities against acute ethanol/aspirin-induced gastric ulcers in rodents [200,254]. 

For hundreds of years the essential oil of lavender has been well appreciated for perfumery purposes [72]. Lavender oil is obtained by steam distillation from the fresh-flowering tops of Lavandula angustifolia Miller (Lavandula officinalis Chaix) [73]. It is a colourless or pale yellow, clear liquid, with a fresh, sweet, floral, herbaceous odour on a woody balsamic base [73, 74]. According to the European Pharmacopoeia, characteristic components of lavender oils are limonene, cineol, 3-octanone, camphor, linalool, linalyl acetate, terpinen-4-ol, lavandulyl acetate, lavandulol and a-terpineol. Adulterations commonly include blends of lavender oils with lavandin oil or spike oil, and the addition of synthetic linalool and linalyl acetate. In contrast, genuine lavender oils contain as main constituents (i )-linalyl acetate and (i )-linalool of high enantiomeric purity (Fig. 17.14). 

A reliable authenticity assessment is concluded from the simultaneous consideration of multielement IRMS and enantioselective analysis. The differences of the stable isotope ratios of linalool and linalyl acetate are depicted as a three-dimensional plot of A values (d values of linalool minus d values of linalyl acetate for oxygen, hydrogen and carbon) (Fig. 17.15). This plot shows that the commercial samples S1-S5 are different from all the other samples investigated. Linalool and linalyl acetate of S1-S5 definitely are not genuine lavender oil compounds. 

Fig. 17.15 Multielement IRMS analysis of lavender oil main compounds. Differential diagram (h = linalool - linalyl acetate ) authentic (black circles) and commercial (white circles) samples commercial non-authentic (circles with a line through) and special aberrations (circles with a cross) [82]...

Bilke S, Mosandl A (2002) Authenticity assessment of lavender oil i ing GC-P-IRMS H/ H-ratios of linalool and linalyl acetate. Eur Food Res Technol 214 532... 

A recent survey about essential oils and their pure constituents used to control Varroa jacobsoni, contained three interesting tables that reported the toxicity of essential oils for V. jacobsoni and Apis mellifera after 24, 48 and 72 hours in a topical application and in an evaporation test, and the effects of essential oils on behavior and reproduction of V jacobsoni and on the bee brood [63]. The most interesting oils were those of cinnamon and clove, with 100% mite mortality after 24 h and no significant toxicity on honey bees. Furthermore, clove essential oil produced small brood mortality, and it was an inhibitor of mite reproduction. Other effective oils were anise, fennel, lavender, rosemary and wintergreen, which killed 100% mites after 48-72 hours. On the contrary, the oils obtained from garlic, onion, oregano and thyme, were found to be very toxic for honey bees. Among pure constituents, camphor, linalool, linalyl acetate and pinene resulted small brood mortality and inhibited mite reproduction. 

Linalool 93,121,136 Lavender, lemon, floral, green, muscat 6... 

Examples of essential oil compounds showing these different odours include d-limonene, which has a dull citrus odour while /-limonene has a turpentine odour similarly, d-linalool has a floral, woody (lavender-like) odour, while /-linalool has a floral (petitgrain-like) odour. 

The alcohol functional group is -OH and the name ends in -ol for example, geraniol and linalool (found in geranium and lavender, respectively). If the alcohol functional group is attached to a monoterpene, the compounds are called monoterpenols (Fig. 3.5). 

For an essential oil such as lavender, the same major components will be present these are linalool, linalyl acetate and 1,8-cineole. This is the qualitative knowledge. The different types of lavender essential oils will contain different amounts of constituent compounds. Spike lavender, Lavandula latifolia, has high amounts of 1,8-cineole (25-37%), while true lavender, Lavandula angustifolia, has very small amounts (0-5%). Lavandula latifolia may contain up to 60% camphor, while Lavandula angustifolia has only up to about 12%. This is quantitative information. A quantitative analysis is needed to help identify different types of oil and can distinguish chemotypes. 

In lavender essential oils, linalool and linalyl acetate are sedative and antispasmodic compounds when lavender is used in blends with other essential oils, these effects can be enhanced. 

Chemically, all forms contain linalyl acetate, linalool and 1,8-cineole, along with many other compounds. Further analysis of each type reveals their differences in amounts of chemical components. The situation is illustrated by comparing published data for principal constituents and then seeing how these are reinforced by an actual GC chromatogram. This is shown in Table 7.1 the main figure is the published data while figures in brackets are those taken from the GC analysis of actual oil samples (cis- and trans-ocimene are minor hydrocarbon components, but are included as they are often used as markers for the authenticity of lavender oils). In all cases the amounts of compounds in the hybrid (Lavandula intermedia) are in between those of the true (Lavandula angustifolia) and the spike (Lavandula latifolia). 

The true lavender (Lavandula officinalis) shown in the chromatogram is high in linalyl acetate, conforming to the ISO standard composition range of 25-45% and linalool ISO standard of 25-38%. True lavenders also may have between 5% and 30% lavandulyl acetate the GC for this sample shows quite a low value of 3.55%. Also characteristic of true lavender, the amounts of camphor and the oxide 1,8-cineole are low, but are increased in the other species. High ester and alcohol content makes this a desirable aromatherapy choice as it is gentle with no known contraindications. 

Lavender Lavandula officinalis (fi)-Linalool, (fl)-linalyl acetate, (fi)-lavandulyl acetate (38) 95,96... 

PROP From steam distillation of the plant Lavandu/a latifolia Vill. (Lavandula spica, D.C.) (Fam. Labiatae). The main constituents are linalool and cineole (FCTXAV 14,443,76). Yellow liquid lavender odor. D ... 

The volatile oil of Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) contains Unrayl acetate and linalool, and lavender also contains coumarins. It has been used in aromatherapy to treat insomnia and headaches, and may have small beneficial effects (5). 

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